Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller :: Papers

Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller In every family unit or household there are roles that each members have to play. These are there so that each person knows what is expected of them and what to expect from other people. They can be basic roles such as the housework, for example one of a housewife's roles would be to keep the house clean. Or they can be less obvious, for example always being available to offer emotional support and being a friendly shoulder to cry on. These varied roles within a group of people can be recognised and discussed by the members, overt, or it can be that the members themselves don't even realise they exist or that any of these roles are assigned to them within the family group, covert. The roles that each member plays can be dependant on several things, for instance age, experience, sex or even the job that they do. Over time these have changed. In past the roles were rigid and ascribed. Women were expected to be housewives and mothers and men to be the breadwinners being able to support their family financially. Nowadays these set roles have become more blurred and conjugal roles in particular are often joint. However in the 1950's we have to remember that the roles within the family were somewhat archaic and traditional compared to today's society. Biff has several roles like all the members of the Loman family. As an elder brother to Happy he offers him advice and help. The two of them get on very well and have a good relationship. We see this at the start of Act I when the two boys are in their bedroom. They talk candidly and with ease sharing a laugh and joke. They have grown up together and Biff has always supported his brother and helped him out, we learn this from when Biff set Happy up with a girl for his first time. He is a good brother to Happy. Biff's other roles in the family are mostly all set by Willy his father.

The Origins of Sociology

FK8R 34 Sociology A: Introduction to Sociology Alisha Walsh In the mid 1800’s, French author Auguste Comte came up with the term â€Å"sociology†. Although previous philosophers, historians and political thinkers had studied and tried to make sense of their societies, this was when it began to develop as a distinctive science. Comte grew up in a time of great social and political upheaval. As the world rapidly changed, he and others began to study the societies they lived in.He sought to create a science of society that could explain the laws of the social world just as science explained the functioning of the physical world. (Giddens 2006:11) Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth century political revolutions occurring throughout Europe, the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution all lead to previously unseen changes in many societies. The French Revolution of 1789 meant that monarchs of Europe came under severe scrutiny. Subjects began to question their  "divine right† to rule.Ideas of individuals’ rights and their say in how society was run emerged. Political parties and social reform quickly followed. Great scientific discoveries formed a perspective of looking to science and reason to answer questions about the natural and social world. People were turning away from the church, religion and superstition for these answers. The Industrial Revolution 1780-1800 had a profound effect on Britain and laterally Europe. Almost all aspects of life were changed as people became part of the factory system.People moved from rural areas and agricultural jobs to towns where social life was more impersonal and anonymous. They began to work by a clock instead of the rhythms of the season. Traditional values and roles were dropped as new ones evolved. To study Sociology, one must have what C. Wright Mills called a â€Å"sociological imagination†. Sociological thinking and imagination requires us to remove ourselves from our eve ryday lives and experience, and look at them differently. Only then can we realise that individual experience can actually reflect larger issues.He emphasised the difference between â€Å"personal troubles of millue† and â€Å"public issues of social structure†(Mills 2000 :5) This means that the sociological imagination allows us to see that public issues such as war, marriage, the economy, urbanisation etc, can affect the individual as well as personal circumstance and experiences. â€Å"The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two. That is its task and its promise. †(Mills 2000:2) He stated that sociologists must ask three crucial questions: What is the structure of this particular society?Where does this society stand in human history? What varieties of men and women prevail in this society and in the coming period? (Mills 200:3) He believed that as individuals these questions would help us make sens e of our own place and experience in the society we live in and identify its structures and characteristics. He also stated that â€Å"they are the questions inevitably raised by any mind possessing the sociological imagination. For that imagination is the capacity to shift form one perspective to another†.The sociological imagination allows us to be analytical and critical of the world and to look at the bigger picture. There are many sociological theories which attempt to explain how society works. They provide a framework for explaining social behaviour. They find the relation between individuals, groups and society. These theories can be put into two broad categories, macro theories and micro theories. Macro theories such as Functionalism and Marxism look to explaining behaviour through the notion of social structures and look at society holistically.Macro theories tend to use quantitive research when a social theory or model is being explored. Data has to be measurable a nd proccessed mathematically (surveys) to provide unbiased results that can be measured, compared and related to large parts of society (Amit B. Marvasti 2004:7). Micro theories such as social action and symbolic interaction look at individual behaviour and how small scale interactions shape society. Micro theories use qualitive research methods, concentrating on smaller groups but providing more detailed analysis and descriptions of human experience.The experiment can be based around a theory and results are recorded as detailed, narrative descriptions as opposed to numerical codes found in quantitive research (Amit B. Mavasti 2004:10) Functionalism analyses how social structures explain behaviour. Interdependent parts of society have to function together to create a whole system. Biological or mechanical analogies are often used. Functionalism emphasises integration, harmony, stability and continuity. It is a positive perspective that views even tragedies or inequality as serving a function in society. McClelland2001:1) It looks at society as a whole and is good at explaining the persistence of social phenomena (anomie). Marxism also focuses on social structures but is a conflict theory. Society is made up of infrastructure and superstructure. This structure is based on the inequality of distribution of production and causes conflict. It recognises different power interests in groups and is good at explaining conflict and change ( SparkNotes Editors 2006). Social Action theory emphasises the intentional behaviour of individuals as the cause of social structure.Individuals shape society as a result of intentional individual or group interaction. It concentrates on the meaning of social behaviour and its interpretation by others and is good at explaining small scale interactions. According to Anthony Giddens , good sociology must examine both social structures and social interactions. It is how a fuller understanding of social life is achieved (Giddens2005:25) . Socialization, Social order and Social Stratification are three key concepts in sociology that try to explain the relationship between the individual and society.Social order is the way in which societies’ basic requirements are met to exist, how peace and order is maintained. It is obtained formally through laws and through the use of social norms, roles and values. It involves a set of linked structures, institutions and practices that can maintain and enforce conformity and social order (Dr Almog 1998). Functionalist theory views individuals as contributing to social order by happily playing out their occupied roles within social institutions. These roles are guided by the norms and values we learn through socialization and are necessary for society to function (Dr Almog 1998).Marxist theory claims that social order is forced on the individual, norms and values are used by institutions that want to maintain capitalism. They are a way to control the working class (Giddens 2006: 301-302). Social Action theory sees social order as a product of social interactions, symbolic meanings and how they are interpreted by others. The individual is a social actor who will interpret and process social stimuli and makes choices accordingly. Socialization is a lifelong learning process and plays a crucial part in forming our identities. It is the process by which individuals learn the culture of their society† (Haralambos & Holborn 2008:3). The important stage of socialization occurs during infancy. The child learns many basic behaviour patterns of its society by responding to the approval or disapproval of their parents and also by copying their example. In western societies, the educational system, religion, the mass media, the occupational group and peer groups are also important in the socialisation process ( Haralambos & Holbor2008:3).Functionalist theory believes that socialisation reinforces the social structure and maintains society. That it is functional and beneficial to social order. It transfers culture, norms and values to new generations and integrates individuals into society. It is the social glue that holds society together and helps create a sense of harmony and cooperation (Kent McClelland 2001). Marxism sees socialization as one of the most effective tools of the Bourgeoisie.It legitimises existing social inequalities and prepares the individual for a class related role they will fill indefinitely (SparkNotes Editors 2006). Social Action theory believes socialization is relevant in relation to symbols and their interpretation, the development of social identity and the small scale interactions that shape it. Socialisation helps maintain social order (Cardiff University 2010). Social Stratification is the ranking and ordering of individuals within a society. It is a structured hierarchy which leads to divisions and higher status, wealth and privilege for some groups.Social class is the stratification system f ound in modern industrial societies like the UK, but it can also occur due to other attributes such as gender, age, religious education or military rank (Giddens 2006:295) Members of a particular strata will share a similar lifestyle and common identity which will to some extent distinguish them from members of other social strata (H & H 2008:19) A functionalist perspective of social stratification is that it is based on meritocracy and is therefore an inevitable part of all societies.Talcott Parsons believed that social stratifications are a basic expression of shared values which are an essential part of a functioning society. Social stratification is functional because it integrates various groups in society (H& H2008:21) Marxism regards stratification as a divisive structure rather than an integrated one. It is seen as a mechanism for the ruling class to exploit the subject class, rather than a means of furthering collective goals (H & H 2008:27). Various institution s such as legal and political systems are used to dominate the subject class resulting in conflict (H & H 2008:28).Social action theory focuses on how a persons’ social standing affects their everyday interactions. According to Max Webber, social stratification not only involves class but also status and party (social status and political power) (Giddens 2006:302-303). Social action theory studies the processes behind stereotypes, mixed interactions and labelling. Its notes how stratification is a way to put people in groups and questions how much power individuals in these groups have to realise their goals (Cardiff University 2010) ReferencesHaralambos & Holborn (2008) Sociology Themes and Perspectives , 7th Edition, London, Harper Collins Anthony Giddens (2006) Sociology, 5th Edition, Cambridge, Polity Press Amit B. Mavasti (2004) Qualititive Research in Sociology, London, Sage Publications Ltd C. Wright Mills (2000) The Sociological Imagination, 40th Edition, New York , Oxford University Press Inc World Wide Web Page Kent McClelland, Grinnel College 2001 Functionalism (Online) Available: web. grinnel. edu/courses/soc/s00/soc111-01/IntroTheories/Functionalism. tml SparkNotes Editors 2006 Sparknote on Sociology Major Figures (Online) Available: http://www. sparknotes. com/sociology/major-figures/ (Acceseed 31 October 2012) Dr Oz Almog, Electronic Journal of Sociology 1998 The Problem of Social Type: A Review (Online) Available:www. sociology. org/content/vol003. 004/almog. html (Accessed 31 October 2012) Angus Bancroft and Sionead Rogers, Cardiff University 2010 Max Weber-Natural Science, Social Science and Value Relevance (Online) http://www. cf. ac. uk/socsi/undergraduate/introsoc/weber6. html

Shop Until You Drop - 590 Words

What you have in life should not be measured upon what all you have or what you are able to buy but how happy you are. Over time people have evolved to where they feel like they need materials to make their life happy. Someone once told me that I need material things in life and at first I thought that they were right but now I know that it is untrue. When I was younger I used to think it was true. I learned fast that my happiness was not measured upon what I had, but it is longevity and whether or not you live up to your standards. My mother taught me at a young age that I did not need the name brand items, but as long as I had a roof over my head, shoes on my feet, clothes on my back, a bead to sleep in, and food on my table I cannot complain. A person can have the characteristics of consumerism when all they do is shop for items. Consumerism is an issue that has become very controversial over the past few years. Consumerism has grown over the years and is shown around the holiday season but consumerism is a fixable issue. As the United States has grown so has the growth of consumption. Consumerism is a fixable issue but there are people who do not believe that consumerism is a bad idea. In order to buy whatever a person wants, they will work more than multiple jobs in order to get that they want (Schor). People will buy the more â€Å"luxurious† item instead of buying the â€Å"necessary† item just because they are more attracted to them(Schor). Some people were not taught at aShow MoreRelated Shop Until You Drop: The Stigma About Consumerism Essay2044 Words   |  9 Pagesdistinction is one of the primary drivers of contemporary consumerism and consumption. However, due to the increasing accessibility of commodities and experiences, people are not easily distinguishable. The ubiquitous question in society is â€Å"what do you do?† Or, in Pugh’s work â€Å"what do your parents do?† People attempt to fulfil specific societal positions in order to fit, which in t urn causes a blurred image of one’s actual status and wealth. (For instance, the rejection of snobbery; the growingRead More The University Should Extend the Add/Drop Period for Classes720 Words   |  3 PagesThe University Should Extend the Add/Drop Period for Classes If there is one thing Im good at, it is shopping. I find the best deals, make the most out of every shopping trip and generally derive great pleasure from the process. Unfortunately, State College students are only given a very short time to shop for our courses and even less time to return our books to the bookstore for the classes we dropped. The more classes you attend and professors you meet, the more educated your final decisionRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Eddie s Clothing Choice984 Words   |  4 Pages When I met up with Eddie at my tailor’s shop and he was asking her to leave because she was frightening off her customers, I was far from being in a good mood at that point. This time I asked my little brother to explain himself about telling my tailor that he would insure he and all his family and friends would never use him again because of who he would allow to spoil the prestige of his shop. This time he was speaking about a woman being in a shop where men common ly walks around not properlyRead MoreA Short Letter1442 Words   |  6 PagesDrops of blood splattered the floor as I held the edge of the letter that was slick with blood. My fingers gripped the tip of the feather pen, taking immense care chooses up. It would be a sin to ruin yet another quill. The white feather contrasted against the matte black of the handle. The feather moved gracefully with the flicker of the candlelight in the library. My eyes drifted towards the stack of books on the corner of the weathered oak table. One given to me by my grandfather. A respectedRead MoreLigeher1414 Words   |  6 PagesTesco Assignment A Manuscript ------------------------------------------------- As a PR assistant at Tesco you have been asked to give a speech to business students at the London School of Economics. In your speech you account for some of Tescos current problems and comment on the companys efforts to solve them taking the changing consumer behavior into consideration.   You may find additional online information in English to support, illustrate and/or update your points.   Write the manuscriptRead MoreLigeher1429 Words   |  6 PagesTesco Assignment A Manuscript ------------------------------------------------- As a PR assistant at Tesco you have been asked to give a speech to business students at the London School of Economics. In your speech you account for some of Tescos current problems and comment on the companys efforts to solve them taking the changing consumer behavior into consideration.   You may find additional online information in English to support, illustrate and/or update your points.   Write theRead MoreHow to Start an Iphone Repair Company951 Words   |  4 PagesDeviceTrade How to start an iPhone/iPod repair shop. DeviceTrade iPhone/iPod Repair On average 4.5 million iPhone 3G and 3GS’s glass screens break every year. In the past the only options were to take the phone to Apple ($200 to repair), take it to a big repair shop ($80 to repair) or do a mail in repair service and be without a phone for 3-5 days. A new trend of home based iPhone repair businesses are now emerging and becoming extremely successful. The factors that contribute to theirRead MoreHow to Sell and Save with Postmark1099 Words   |  5 PagesWednesday 10.30-12.40 How to Shop, Sell and Save at Poshmark Poshmark is an application that allows you to buy and sell fashion. It’s like the Craigslist of fashion. Poshmark connects you with many people and allow you to shop their closet. If you have a bunch of clothes that you do not wear, you can use Poshmark to sell items from your closet. Poshmark allows you to sell accessories, shoes, dresses, tops, bags, jewelries, pants and so much more. Until now, Poshmark can be used onlyRead MoreMy Life - Original Writing1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent kinds of shops. She walks around and looks at all the excitement everything moving fast; she sees a help wanted sign on a small grocery store. She walks into the store and sees a Hispanic teenage boy behind the counter. Hello how may I help you? She walks up I saw a help wanted sign and well I thought id help. The boy chuckles gets a application and hands her the application and a pen she grabs it and starts to fill it out she wrote her name as Zee Chamber but, it was going well until it asked forRead MoreDisneyland Vs. Walt Disney1748 Words   |  7 Pages On the other hand, Walt Disney World, located in Orlando, Florida, opened its doors in 1971. It featured Cinderella Castle, fifteen attractions, and two resort hotels when it initially opened. Some similarities between the two are that they allow you to participate in the Disney College Program, both are Walt Disneyâ €™s dreams coming to life, the entertainment of the guests, and pin trading. For example, Disney World is comprised of four parks, whereas Disneyland is only made up of two. In contrast

Best Reputed World Universities Announced

The Times Higher Education has published the annual list of top 100 influential, powerful and best reputed universities in the world. The list is published since 2011, with the research methods growing in complexity and finesse every year. In order to eliminate the possibility of subjectivity, the survey is carried out on invitation-only basis, and includes only the opinions of very experienced scholars with multiple publications and excellent academic reputation, who found their opinions on their understanding of academic excellency, education methods and overall efficiency of universities in question. More than 10,000 responses from 142 countries were processed, with people taking part in the survey spending on average more than 15 years in higher education and research. The main goal of this year’s survey was to achieve the best possible spread, both in terms of geography and disciplines. Engineering, technology, social, physical and other sciences have all been represented more or less equally, and the responses are more evenly spread among countries. Arts and humanities in particular have been represented much better than previously, with their share growing from 9 per cent last year to 16 per cent. The reputation score is based on the number of times the university is mentioned by respondents as the best in their particular field. That said, the survey pays greater attention to the research capabilities of the university than its educational facilities, because, according to experts, respondents in general give more accurate judgment on it. The results, at least in what pertains to the top-20, are not very surprising. The first place is held (and was held since the survey was first conducted in 2011) by Harvard University, still far ahead of its closest contenders. Harvard’s score was taken as the basis for calculations, with all the others showing the percentages of how often it was cited by the respondents. Cambridge and Oxford have risen to second and third places correspondingly, overtaking the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University that occupied this position last year. British universities have shown better results in general – there are 12 UK universities in the top 100 compared to the last year’s results, with the newcomers being the universities of Durham and Warwick. In general, the USA continues to dominate the list, with 26 US universities in top-50 positions and 43 in the list on the whole. Two universities deserving a notable mention are Tokyo University (twelfth) and the Chinese top higher education institution, Tsinghua University, raising 10 places up to the 26th. Some other countries are notable for their absence – for example, India, despite its strong academic traditions, didn’t make it. It, however, should be noted that the survey authors indicate that only the first 50 positions should be treated as following one another, as the differences in ratings between them is quite noticeable. The difference between ratings of the lowest half of the list, however, is so negligible that these universities are simply said to have made it into the top-100, with the place they occupy being largely irrelevant.

Essay And Peer Reflection Personality Theory - 781 Words

Essay and Peer Reflection: Personality Theory A.J. Molina LeTourneau University Essay and Peer Reflection: Personality Theory Introduction Humanistic Psychology presents insight into understanding human behavior by delving into the individualistic view of each person. The importance of self-actualization infects the Western culture so psychologists need to have an understanding of individuals in order to counsel those who seek counseling. What is it? Humanistic Psychology arose during the 1950’s. The humanistic approach in psychology developed as a rebellion against what some psychologists saw as limitations of the behaviorist and psychodynamic psychology (McLeod, S. A. 2007). It takes into account each individual’s uniqueness and studies the whole person. Personal choice is driven by inner feelings and free will. It enables a focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth and offers a set of values that can be used to understand human behavior based on self-concept. Psychoanalysis concentrates it attention on the influence that the unconscious mind has on behavior while the behaviorist’s focus is on the influence of a stimulus – response behavior. Merits A strength in the school of humanistic psychology is that it allows people to have a stake in the control of their mental health. Value is placed on personal ideas and self-fulfillments. Environmental influences play a role in people’s experiences. A person can make choices regarding theseShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1334 Words   |  6 Pagesmanifested through the relationships she becomes tangled in, from friendships to romance. Throughout The Awakening, Edna Pontellier appears to exist in a semi-conscious state, failing to come to terms with reality. George Arms illustrates this theory in his critical essay, Contrasting Forces in the Novel, connecting it with Edna’s conflicting intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Arms states that, â€Å"Edna appears not so much as a woman who is aware of the opposition of two ideals but rather as one who drifts†Read MoreIs Conceptual Critiques Relevant for Psychology?1472 Words   |  6 PagesWe shall consider Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory as another type of example on Conceptual Critiques (Skinner, 1963). His theory states that the best way to understand a behavior is to look at the association made between the behavior and the consequence of that behavior. Although Skinner’s primary interest was in human behavior, most of his research was done on animals using laboratory apparatus well known as the Skinner box. Hence, in his experiment, Skinner placed rats in the Skinner boxRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1071 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay I want to analyse Jean Piaget’s (1936) stage theory of cognitive development and Erik Erikson’s (1959) theory on stage development. Piaget’s theory focuses on cognitive development where Erikson’s applies a more psychosocial lens. I will be analysing the key concepts of each theory and comparing them to see the similarities and differences in the theorists thinking. Piaget’s theory is made up of four stages. The first stage was the sensitometer stage. This occurs from birth to twoRead MoreEssay on Overview of Learning1667 Words   |  7 Pageswould be that of a person in the psychology field. Also there is Intrapersonal intelligence meaning the ability to form an accurate model of oneself and to be able to use that model to operate effectively in life. I believe and stand by Gardner’s theory one hundred percent and I think that, as students we should be tested on all of our intelligences not just two. Tests like IQ and SAT’s have a great impact on our future. To get into college ninety percent of the time the school requires you to takeRead MoreRelations of Urie Bronfenbrenner the Ecological Systems Theory to the â€Å"Growing up in New Zealand† 1137 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The purpose of this essay is to choose and summaries one developmental theory; and discuss its relevance in relation to findings from the â€Å"Growing up in New Zealand† study. I have chosen Urie Bronfenbrenner the Ecological Systems Theory. I will look at the findings of the Now We Are Born Report that has collated study cohort data from birth to 9 months old (Morton, Atatoa-Carr, Grant, Lee, Bandara, Mohal, Kinloch†¦et al 2012). I will discuss how two finding relate to Brofenbreener’s modelRead MoreReflection Paper On Leadership1345 Words   |  6 PagesReflection Essay 1 In class, so far, we have discussed many different topics about leadership. One being different leadership theories. The one that I feel most represents the leader I want to be in the future is servant leadership. When we discussed servant leadership it was defined as this leadership model is based on the leader and the followers wanting to serve others. Basically, this means the servant leader you put your focus on the needs of others before your own. The followers goalRead MoreExamine the Different Methods for Giving Constructive (Practical) Feedback to Learners and Discuss How These Can Motivate Learners.1153 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 9: Mini-essay: Examine the different methods for giving constructive (practical) feedback to learners and discuss how these can motivate learners. Giving constructive feedback is crucial; without it learners cannot learn (Rogers, 2004). When used to emphasise progress rather than failure, it motivates learners, building confidence and enabling them to recognise mistakes as part of a process that brings them closer to their learning goals. 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Federal Reserve Paper free essay sample

Federal Reserve Paper Corrin Watson ECO/212 July 3, 2010 Mohamed BenSenia Federal Reserve Paper Money is controlled by the central bank, and they determine the value of the US dollar. Money is defined as the assets that people are generally willing to accept in the exchange of goods and services or for payment of debts (Hubbard OBrien,  2010). The nation’s central bank is called the Federal Reserve Bank, and different tools are used to control and manage the monetary policy. For this is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve Bank. The Federal Reserve Bank is always evaluating the economic solidity and making obligatory changes to the monetary policy in an attempt to stabilize the economic health. Money was generally created to replace the barter system and is used habitually in the world’s economy in exchange of goods and services. Money is used to perform four functions that are medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard of deferred payment. Medium of exchange is activated when sellers are willing to accept items in exchange of goods or services. The economy is more resourceful when one item serves as medium of exchange, such as the US dollar. Unit of account is normally used in the barter system, where each good has different prices. Once a single good is used as money, each good has one price as opposed to different prices. Unit of account gives buyers and sellers a way of measuring value in terms of money. Store of value is when money allows value to be simply stored. Conversely, it is not the only store of value. Any asset embodies store of value and value is not solidified and may increase in the future. Standard of deferred payment consists of money facilitating exchange at a given moment by providing medium of exchange and unit of account. Furthermore, it can facilitate exchange over time by providing store of value and standard of deferred payment. Money is a considerably large variable in the monetary system. The Federal Reserve Bank (Fed) controls and manages the nation’s monetary system. Fed uses three monetary policy tools to assist in management of the money supply which are open market operations, discount policy, and reserve requirements. These three tools are intended to aid in the control of supply and demand of, and change the volume of checking account deposits. The Federal Reserve has been concerned with the stability of the nation’s current monetary policies and its effects. In the most recent Monetary Policy Report to the Congress, this particular issue was addressed. Their efforts are working toward strengthening the financial system and its oversight so as to minimize the risk of replay of the recent financial crisis (Bernanke, 2010). Should the crisis reoccur, plans to limit economic costs are also discussed. The Fed supports the functioning of financial markets and promotes recovery in economic activity using a wide array of tools. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) maintained a target range of 0 to 1/4 percent for the federal funds rate throughout the second half of 2009 and early 2010 and indicated that economic conditions were likely to warrant exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate for an extended period. Further, the Federal Reserve continued its purchases of Treasury securities, agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS), and agency debt in order to provide support to mortgage and housing markets and to improve overall conditions in private credit markets (para. 9). The Federal Reserve is encouraging a smooth conversion in financial markets as the acquisitions are fulfilled. They are increasing the interest rates paid on reserves and putting pressure on the short-term interest rates, and in the meantime, they will not provide short-term funds less than what they can produce so the funds will be left at Federal Reserve Banks on deposit. The option to redeem or sell securities is made available in order display monetary limitations. The reduction of securities holdings would minimize the amount of reserves remaining in the banking system as well as minimize the size of the Fed balance sheet. Currently, the Federal Reserve does not expect to sell any securities holdings in the future. It is predicted that the labor market conditions will recover over the next couple of years. The Federal Reserve maneuvers the monetary supply into the economy; interest rates, inflation, and level of unemployment become modified. The government uses taxes and interest rates to keep the economy organized. Raising taxes leads to higher unemployment, less efficiency economy, and a reduced production rate by different industries. When interest rates are rapidly raised, acquiring credit becomes more difficult, the cash flow weakens, roduction decreases, and unemployment increases. However, when interest rates are lower, the cash flow increases, banks are more willing to lend money, production increases, and the employment rate rises. Money is purposeful in the exchange of goods and services within the economy. The monetary policy is a gateway for the public to see how the Federal Reserve Bank ma nages and controls the nation’s monetary system. By reviewing and making necessary changes to the monetary policy on a consistent basis, the Federal Reserve Bank can stabilize the finances and promote economic expansion. The Federal Reserve is currently acting on the reconstruction of the improvement of current economic conditions. References Bernanke, B. S. (June 16, 2010). The Squam Lake Report: Fixing the Financial System. Retrieved from http://www. federalreserve. gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20100616a. htm Hubbard, R. , OBrien, A. (2010). Economics (3rd ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Hall. www. federalreserve. gov. (February 24, 2010). Monetary Policy Report to the Congress. Retrieved from http://www. federalresserve. gov/monetarypolicy/mpr_20100224_part1. htm

Public policy evaluation

Introduction Public Policy Strategies (PPS) refer to an agency that promotes public affairs and communication services. Its head quarters are in San Diego. It focuses on crisis management, campaigning of public policies, as well as the government affairs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public policy evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The agency has tailored its strategic solutions in order to suit their clients (Dye, 2010). Currently, they have established an enabling communication that has facilitated the flow of information throughout the public. Additionally, it has enabled the public to gain competition power thus the production of tangible results. PPS decision making Initially, PPS has applied science in their strategy decision formulation. it has therefore, used scientific facts to modify its arguments and validate them. They have utilized this as a means of conning the public (Gerston, 2010). However, research has revealed that, scientists do not comply with these arguments. Astoundingly in the PPS, there is extremely insignificant consensus with the basic scientific facts. Currently, science has acted a noteworthy position in the formulation of PPS governmental policy, as well as strategies. Presently, the politicization of science is necessary in order to resolute on policy clashes through technological proficiency rather than politics (Rowe, et al., 2008). Since these efforts are entrenched in divergences on fundamental values, they are futile because the divergences result from neither science nor independent analysis. Challenges and measures Currently, the PPS is facing the problem of determining the most responsible people for making decision. They also face the challenge of identifying some of the problems that they face, as well as the agenda setting. Science plays many roles in the PPS. These roles when adopted imply the nature of science alongside the au tonomous policymaking. For instance, scientists explore personal interests and reveal scientific facts despite their impacts on strategies. Secondly, science entails, in practical activities, which provides to policymakers’ questions (Dye, 2010). Consequently, scientists influence policy strategies though accurate judgment in science.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For effective and functional public policies, there is need for a practical, as well as a working model that would emphasize deliberative autonomous process. Consequently, these processes enable handling of ethical and social issues facilitated by biotechnological trends. Role of science in PPS Myriad measurers are essential in addressing the challenges experienced in the PPS. For instance, there is need of public consultation. Scientifics conduct interviews and surveys on the communities, as well as publi c as general. The recommendations of the research enables realization of astound decisions thus influencing positively on the PPS. Consequently, the public voice would be linked with the resolution making method (Gerston, 2010). Secondly, scientific research has shown that, there is need for gene forum fact-value separation method. The public produces values of virtual importance, experts generate facts of comparative likelihood, and decision makers produce alternatives for relative significance. Thirdly, there is need of development of policies that forms their foundation on science. Consequently, the PPS would experience technocratic vision. In addition, policies should entail a superior reasoning. A two-level model ought to be applied during the policy formulation. Technocratic visions do not make decisions but it rather it informs along with advising the policy makers. For instance, there is the context of inducing practical decisions in the formulation of policy regulation. Las tly, mandated science significantly influences effectively on public policies (Rowe, et al., 2008). Conclusion Scientific research has revealed that, proper involvement of science in PPS is a controversial issue. Science should therefore, only give supportive to challenging ethical, as well as political views. The role of decision making ordinarily remains the responsibility of the government authorities. Concisely, scientific involvement as well a scientific expertise influences profoundly on the development of PPS. Therefore, the government should emphasize and create an enabling atmosphere for better scientific input in PPS. Consequently, appropriate policies would characterize the PPS.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public policy evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Dye, T. (2010). Understanding public policy. Lebanon, NI: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gerston, L. (2010). Public Policy M aking: Process and Principles.Edmonds, WA: Library of Congress publishers. Rowe, L. et al. (2008). Cyber security economic strategies and public policy. Cheltenhalm, GL: Edward Elgar publishers. This research paper on Public policy evaluation was written and submitted by user Trey Dillon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.