Music and Studying

Music and studying 1 Running head: DOES MUSIC HELP YOU STUDY Music and studying: Does listening to music help you study? 902421 John F. Kennedy High School Music and studying 2 Abstract In the western world, music is easily available through TV, radio, and videos. Background music is played in many public places like the mall and elevators. Many studies on listening to music while studying has been inconclusive because music can be interpreted in many different ways. Music and studying 3 Music and Studying Affects on studying Music becomes increasingly important in adolescent years with most teenagers averaging around 3 hours of listening to music a day. Teenagers use music to satisfy their emotional needs and portray the world around them. Studies have shown that studying at home has been accompanied by music or TV in the background (Kotsopoulou 1997; Patton, Stinard, and Routh 1983). Research on certain effects on playing music while studying shows very little significant differences between middle school, high school, and college students on whether listening to music helps them concentrate, gets rid of boredom, keeps them company, and helps them learn faster. It also shows that listening to music can interfere with studying. For instance if they sang along or developed to high of an arousal it would then become a distraction. University students showed that music had a more relaxing effect but was also more distracting then in younger students. This could mean the music choices they were listening to were increasing meta-cognitive awareness in older ages. Students at a younger age had the most positive response to fast pace tempo. While university students had a negative response to fast pace tempo. There were few significant differences between nationality and what types of music they played other than instrumental music, arousing and calming music. The Japanese played classical music the least. US played calming music the least and the US and UK played arousing music the least. While the Greeks Music and studying 4 listened to all of these the most. Overall, there is no specific type of music that is best for studying. Young people just often play music they enjoy. Most students do not play music while studying for a long period of time or revising for an exam. Henderson, Crews, and Barlow (1945) explored the effect of music as a source of distraction during the taking of a test. Along with memorising material or learning a different language. But they often play music when thinking or writing. This would suggest that the student are aware of how they will perform while listening to music and studying. Students mainly played music while studying when they were happy or bored and that their mood determined whether they wanted to listen to music while studying. Most students turned off music when they felt it becoming a distraction with there concentrating. Overall, the findings suggest parents and teachers to be not concerned about students playing music while studying. Students are aware of when music can be beneficial to studying and when it is interfering with concentrating. So generally when the music starts to become a distraction they would just turn it off. Music and studying 5 References Kotsopoulou, A. , & Hallam, S. (2010). The Perceived Impact of Playing Music while Studying: Age and Cultural Differences. Educational Studies, 36(4), 431440. Cripe, F. F. 1986. Rock music as therapy for children with attention deficit disorder: An exploratory study. Journal of Music Therapy 23: 30–7 Gregoire, M. A. 1984. Music as a prior condition to task performance. Journal of Music Therapy 21: 133–45

Professional Dispositions

Professional dispositions are defined as the values, commitments, and professional ethics that influence behaviors towards students, families, colleagues, and communities and effect student learning, motivation, and development as well as the educators own professional growth. Dispositions are guided by beliefs and attitudes related values such as caring, fairness, honesty, responsibility, and social justice, For example they might include a belief that all students can learn, a vision of high and challenging standards, or a commitment to a safe and supportive learning environment (NCATE, 2002). Research shows that attributes of the classroom teacher significantly affect how well students learn. Recently it has become clear that the quality of the education of our children receive depends directly upon the quality of the education of the teachers in our schools. Parents, teachers, educators, and researchers agree that effective teaching happens when the teachers thoroughly know their subjects, have significant teaching skills and possess dispositions that foster growth and learning in students (USCA). Teaching involves more than effective planning, instructional knowledge, and teaching, skills. Professional dispositions also play a big part in the scenario. Teacher education programs bear a responsibility to convey, model, and promote positive standards of professional conduct. They also should maintain screening assessment procedures to assure that teacher candidates with negative dispositions are not permitted to continue in teacher education programs (NCATE 2006). At the beginning of my clinical experience I choose specific professional dispositions that would be reflected upon during my first four weeks in the classroom. Those dispositions included: 1. Believes that students learn in many different ways . Reacts positively to suggestions and opportunities for growth 3. Socially articulate 4. Attendance/punctuality 5. Equity/Diversity 6. Maintains a nurturing, well managed learning environment 7. Maintains student and professional confidentiality 8. Communicates effectively and clearly with students, parents 9. Reflective and effective student engagement 10. Utilizes sta ndards and curriculum guides to create learning goals Since I have been a Para educator working with special education students for the past three years, many of my chosen dispositions were already in place. Now that I am in my second eight weeks of student teaching I still hold true to the dispositions that I choose in the beginning. The only disposition that I had no knowledge of was number 9-Utilizes standards and curriculum guides to create learning goals. This disposition is one that I learned once I was placed in the classroom with my co-op teacher. There was a variety of exceptionalities in my special education classroom and along with those exceptionalities came different learning skills. Those exceptionalities encompass the disposition that students learn in many different ways. This also hold true in the general classroom. There are visual learners as well as kinesthetic learners. This is why teachers must engage their students in many different ways. In my lessons I use a variety of learning techniques such as journals for those students who like to express themselves through writing, and cooperative learning exercises such as concept mapping. Concept mapping helps students connect terms in the material with the theme in that part of the lesson. Videos are also shown to launch a lesson. This helps the students visualize what will be happening in the lesson. Videos are also helpful to ESL students. Pictures help ESL students connect with the lesson. Student teachers should not take constructive criticism in a negative way. Student teachers should always react positively to suggestions and opportunities for growth. My cooperative teacher’s way of acting with me as a student teacher is the same way that she deals with her students. She takes a very active role in guiding me through the whole teaching experience. One thing that she does is make her own materials used in the classroom unavailable to me. This forces me to use my own materials and come up with my own activities for my lessons. I enjoy putting my own lessons together and coming up with my own activities for the students. She also models a very assertive discipline plan which I do feel is my weakest asset. She also gives me a lot of guidance in design and planning of lessons. For example, she told me to effectively teach fifth grade students I should always chunk the material into sections. By breaking the lesson into pieces students will have an easier time remembering the material being taught. By helping me throughout y teaching experience I have learned to react positively to her suggestions. Student teachers should always be socially articulate when speaking with their co-op teachers, administrations, parents and of course their students. Teachers should be role models for their students and language should be the top of the list of teacher priorities. This disposition is very important to me. I took public speakin g as a class in college and I feel that interpersonal skills are important. There is a precise way of speaking and making sure that prefixes and suffixes are clearly pronounced and articulated. Starting on the first day of student teaching I have always been punctual and my attendance has been pristine. I believe that teachers should always be on time. Whether it is for staff meeting or to start the day in their own classroom, students should never walk into a classroom in the morning without the supervision of a teacher. The teacher should always be standing in the doorway ready to greet his or her students to the start of a new day. Teachers should also treat all students fair and should not show partiality to any student in his or her classroom. As the student population in most American classrooms becomes increasingly diverse, teachers should develop a curriculum that meets the needs of all students. Teachers should prepare meaningful engaging lessons for all students regardless of their ethnic or religious background. Maintaining a nurturing, well managed learning environment is crucial to effective classroom management. At the beginning of the school year teachers must establish expectations for student behavior. These expectations should be clearly written in the classroom and should be visible for all students to see. The fifth grade classroom where I am doing my student teaching has a few students that like to challenge the authority of the teacher when it comes to giving an assignment. My co-op teacher has taught me to let the student know that we have thought about the issue, and they will also understand soon why the assignment is valuable to their learning. Teachers also have a responsibility to maintain student confidentiality. This could be as simple as not sharing grades with other students and also not displaying student’s grades. Teachers also should not share information about students with parents through email or by leaving messages on an answering machine. When kids come from divided families, one parent may not have the right to see or hear any information about the child. As a Para-educator I have come across parents in the grocery store who ask me specific questions about their child. I must politely tell them that they must ask their child’s teacher about such information. Teachers should always communicate effectively with students. Teachers should make eye contact when a student is speaking. This tells the student that you are really listening to what they have to say. In the fifth grade classroom I hear student speak a lot of slang. I do not converse with them in this language but I do let them speak as long as their language is appropriate. Teachers should also let their students speak. If a student is trying to tell you something, give him or her opportunity to finish the sentence before jumping in. It is very impolite to interrupt. Some students will ask me if they can speak to me in the hall. If a student is confiding in me I will listen and will not judge them. When planning lessons for the classroom I make sure that my lesson always has an activity. Student engagement is very important for learning. Students in my fifth grade classroom are always actively engaged in lessons through reading, working on interactive whiteboards or doing some type of research in the computer lab. Teachers may prepare flipcharts from Promethean Planet in many different subjects including spelling, language arts and reading vocabulary. Students also interact with each other through collaboration in study groups. Students who are engaged during the lesson have less of a chance for negative behavior. Finally before planning lessons I always check the grade level expectations for that particular lesson. Following grade level expectations is imperative to student learning and success, and what all students should know or be able to do by the end of each grade. Students should be able to achieve these expectations if teachers are fully prepared and committed to following the lesson. Teachers play many roles in the classroom from facilitating education to being a positive role model. I want to be the teacher that my students remember. I want to change lives.

Evaluate the Strengths and Weaknesses of Reason as a Way of Knowing

There are four main ways of knowing – reason, perception, language and emotion. However each one of them have their own strengths and weaknesses and only by knowing them will we be able to better use these ways of knowing to gain knowledge. This essay will seek to examine the strengths and weaknesses of reason as a way of knowing. Reason is often seen as one of the most powerful ways of knowing – for it ‘seems to give us certainty’ (Lagemaat, 112). Reason uses logic to form arguments and conclusions.A benefit of reason using logic in reason is that it allows us access to innate or a priori knowledge – knowledge we cannot access any other way. One definition of A priori knowledge is innate knowledge that is not derived from experience but rather, are universal rules that we apply. (Cahn,Eckert,Buckley). There are several different forms that reason takes but these are mainly inductive and deductive reasoning – which will be discussed later in t he essay. A major strength of reason as a way of knowing is that the information we gather from using it is certain.This is a great strength because we are provided with a strong prediction model that we can build knowledge upon, thus providing us with information that we can believe to be true. We look to how this is applied in an area of knowledge the natural sciences. Take for instance the concept of neutralization reactions in Chemistry. In theory we know that a base would react with an acid to produce salt and water – a hypothesis that, up till this point, has been proven to be true – to form a salt and water. If we are presented with the following argument:All bases react with acids to form salt and water. Unknown sample X reacted with an acid and formed salt and water. We can conclude that unknown sample X is a base. We used deductive reasoning to arrive at the conclusion above. Deductive reasoning provides us with a conclusion that is absolutely certain. The wa y deduction works is that we go from general premises to a specific conclusion (Langemaat, 234). Like the example above, so far we have seen that all acid-base reactions produce water and salt thus we believe sample X is a base as well.At this point in time, there is no dispute against the law of the acid-base reaction and this will remain a law of chemistry. This certainty reason provides is an extremely important strength as this shows that reason allows us to create strong foundations that can be expanded upon. However with this certainty that reason brings, it has its weaknesses too. The first weakness of reason as a way of knowing is that it is limited. While we realise that unknown sample X is a base, this is all we know of it.This is where the weakness of deductive reason lies, it provides us with an extremely certain conclusion so that we can build upon our foundations that have been set but at the same time, we are limiting our knowledge to just this small scope. Also, the certainty of the conclusion depends on the truth of the premises. How can we prove that these premises are true? We believe that the premises are true because they have not been renounced as of yet. However if they were in fact wrong, our conclusion would be false as well resulting in a completely false argument.From this we can see that while reason can provide us with very certain conclusions, it limits us to building knowledge upon a specific foundation and the truth of the conclusion is based on the truth of the premises. The next strength of reason helps us generate laws to explain abstract concepts and gain this knowledge in areas that our senses cannot reach. This is a very important strength of reason as it shows how detached reason is from the empirical and sense perception. We look to the natural sciences once again – the concept of temporary dipole attraction between diatomic molecules.If we have the following argument: I, Br and Cl form temporary dipoles I, Br and Cl are group VII halogens Therefore, all halogens form temporary dipoles. This example shows how definitions and laws in the natural sciences are formed and how we use reason to do so. The example above uses induction, a method of reason that involves going from the specific to generate a general conclusion. This is how laws of the abstract are formed in science – we are unable to use sense perception or empirical knowledge, since we cannot see dipoles, to formulate these laws, we use reason to arrive at these conclusions.However, this is where the weakness of reason comes in as well. The problem with using induction is that these conclusions could have been arrived at in an incorrect way. The fact that these conclusions drawn are that of something abstract, how do we prove for sure that it is not another variable that affects it? Furthermore, what happens when in the future, when something that is not a halogen is discovered to form a temporary dipole. What happens to our d efinition of what can form temporary dipoles then? This is the weakness of reason in the natural sciences.Many times, Science applies inductive reasoning and even if a hypothesis is subject to uncountable experiments and stands irrefutable at this present time, it might not be true in the future. Since the natural sciences are a combination of the math and empirical, we cannot solely rely on our a priori knowledge. Science’s discoveries are often based on observations and this flout’s the rules of rationalism. When our senses are involved, our ability to reason might be compromised and lead to false premises and thus false conclusions.However, this is where experimentation comes in to prove as far as we can the extent of scientific truth and discovery. Therefore when it comes to the natural sciences, reasoning has its strengths in clearly defining and classifying various concepts that are senses cannot reach. However, reason falls short in the test of time, where we do not know what future results might yield as well as the possibility of mixing our senses into our premises, leading to false concepts to begin with.Thus, we can conclude that reason is limited in science by time and the extent of knowledge we already have. Even though reason might follow a logical flow, one may still arrive at false conclusions due to problems in our web of coherence. This is a major weakness of reason as we jump to hasty conclusions and cause us to make fallacious statements. For example, in the area of knowledge of the human sciences, analysts have been trying to identify patterns in human behaviour and events. Take for instance in a certain country, crime rates reach an all time high.Analysts would be looking for the factor that caused this and if at the exact same time there was a decrease in abortions, they might form this argument Crime rates increased Abortion rates decreased Therefore the decrease in abortions caused the increase in crime rates. This is an example of a fallacy called ‘post hoc ergo propter hoc’ where (wikipedia). This fallacy occurs when we assume that event A is the cause of event B just because B comes after A. The example above is guilty of committing this fallacy of ‘post hoc ergo propter hoc’ as it quickly concludes based on two events that happened at the same time.The analyst may argue that he used logic to reason out this relation but in actual fact there might have been many other factors that contributed to this increase in crime and violence. This example illustrates the weakness of reason as even though this is a sound argument, its premises are not the cause of each other and thus the argument is invalid. To conclude, we can see that reason has a significant role in many of the areas of knowledge but also presents many shortcomings, especially when experience and other factors come in. We are empirical creatures and it is difficult to always think rationally and logically.As Thom as Aquinas once said, ‘Most men seem to live according to sense rather than reason. ’ Perhaps this then is the major weakness of reason as a way of knowing – it cannot exist alone but needs to coexist with the other ways of knowing. Works Cited Cahn, Steven M. , Maureen Eckert, and Robert Buckley. Knowledge and Reality: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. Alchin, Nicholas. Theory of Knowledge. London: John Murray, 2003. Print. Lagemaat, Richard Van De. Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print.

Rural Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rural Development - Case Study Example Poverty alleviation and addressing the problem of hunger remains as the priority action areas for the Niger government. Persistent landlessness, lack of business opportunities and child hunger erode the initial gains made in Niger placed last out of a total of 177 countries on the United Nations list in 2007. The U.N. aid had stated that 300,000 children under the age of five facing the risk of death from malnutrition every year in the Sahel region which encompasses Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, among others. The hunger problem which afflicted the country had stemmed from the apathy that was present in the Niger government. Thus, the government failed to fulfill its serious obligation to provide food to its citizens. (Mousseau and Millant, 2007) Business conditions have dire prospects. Niger's population lives on less than a dollar a day. The per capita gross domestic product (GDP) was $320 in 2007. Approximately 40 percent of the Niger children suffer from chronic malnutrition and Niger's less than five years old mortality rate is very high. (Mosseau and Mittal, 2006) The regional integration of West African countries via the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), meant to assure an adequate food supply in the region. However, this organization failed to establish a regulatory mechanism that to ensure food supply and stable food prices. Irregular food production, exchange rates, government policies, international commodity prices, and regional conflicts exacerbated the hunger crisis. High food prices led to the sale of livestock, capital goods, and land, thus putting more people at a high poverty risk.The Government must do three tasks. First, attain food availability for all of its citizens soon. It has done this based on recent developments. The Board of Directors of the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA) had approved the request of the Niger Government for a grant of CFAF 3 billion (US$7 million) to finance the Emergency Food Security Support Project in August 2008. The main objectives of the grant are to pro vide support for irrigated rice production and to achieve household food security.The State of Niger will supplement this grant with resources derived from mineral exploitation. The hike in the food prices during the Ramadan period made the Government subsidize the prices of consumed food products. This operation provided 3,000 metric tons of rice and sugar on the market at half the real price. The Government has channelled CFAF 11 billion (US$25 million) for trade channels for the marketing of cowpea.Second, the government must establish an arrangement with its major food suppliers to deliver food to the country on a regular basis by setting up a Food Exchange Market and funding it through its mineral resources. Third, the government can promote a holistic training in skills and education to make available a healthy and well-educated work force which can generate substantial income for their families and communities. Rural development in the NorthRural development is responsible for economic regeneration among the countries in the North, particularly the UK.

A Capstone Experience(Market Position Analysis)1 Assignment

A Capstone Experience(Market Position Analysis)1 - Assignment Example Based on the ingredients that are used in the manufacture of the above-mentioned products, they can be classified into different categories ranging from nice and easy products as well as those that have some touch of natural components hence the name natural instincts. Their also exists the perfect lighteners category. The care products whose components are majorly herbs are known as herbal essence. This project aims to provide more insight on the various hair care products that Clairol Company injects into the market. Based on the above-mentioned description, it goes without saying that most of the target customers of Clairol Company are of the female gender. This is because females use such products on several occasions. That notwithstanding, it is of great significance to note that Clairol Company similarly takes into consideration the demands of males, and provides personal care products that can be used by males to take care of their beards and to trim their moustache. Individuals who are ageing and are not ready to let their youthfulness go are also considered by the Clairol Company as the institution produces age defying products, that come in handy in ensuring that an individual can be of considerable age yet they still appear young. Clairol Company is able to reach out to their immense customer base through several stores that they have across various regions (Sherrow, 2006). Of more interest is the fact that most of their stores are stocked with care products that play a specific role. This is to imply that if a store is meant to have permanent hair color products, then it is only stocked with that. In like manner, it is of great significance to note that several retail stores are also stocked with products from Clairol Company. This makes it easier for their interested customers to acquire such products. In as much

A ban on the wearing of items of clothing and other symbols of Essay

A ban on the wearing of items of clothing and other symbols of religious significance - Essay Example These Islamic dresses have raised various questions related to gender equality, freedom of religion and liberalism, and currently these issues are under serious contentions in Western Europe. Within this atmosphere of hot debate, France, which has around five million Muslims (the largest in population of Muslims in Western Europe), has taken a ?rm stand and became the first nation to pass a legislation that banned both headscarves and full veils (BBC News, The Islamic Veil Across Europe, 22nd September 2011). As per the legislation which became effective from 11 April 2011, it is now illegal for women in France (French or foreign), to leave their homes with their face covered with a veil, and women found flouting rules are liable to pay a heavy fine. UK, which promotes multiculturalism, have not imposed any ban on clothing or other accessories with religious significance; however, schools are allowed to establish their own dress code following a 2007 court directive (BBC News, The Is lamic Veil Across Europe, 22nd September 2011). However currently in UK, Face Coverings (Regulation) Bill 2010/11 brought in by Mr Philip Hollobone is under consideration, which proposes to ban the covering of faces in public spaces (Face Coverings (Regulation) Bill 2010/11, 2011). ... Russian Supreme Court had ordered a complete ban on use of veils in public spaces and offices, which is however not followed in Chechnya. In Germany, even though the court ruled in favour of a teacher wanting to wear a scarf to school, there are provisions for modifying laws locally, and many states have imposed a ban on Islamic veils. Austria and Switzerland are also considering a probable ban, in case there are too many women wearing the veil (ibid). From a scholarly viewpoint, even though the hijab and the niqab may have various cultural and religious connotations, but in the context of present debates over issues of gender equality and tolerance, there are claims that Muslims often tend to use veils to make their presence felt in the European countries (Teitelbaum, 2011). It is owing to such suggestions that the issue of wearing veils has currently taken a political shape, and many citizens and politicians view Islamic veils as a sign of radical Islam or fundamentalism. In the co ntext of the current debate, that questions the reasoning behind implementing a legal ban on wearing of Islamic veils, there are varying viewpoints. According to the Commissioner  of Human Rights (Council of Europe) Thomas Hammarberg, this ban on veils would not help to achieve the desired effects of gender equality or end oppression of Muslim women. Instead, he claimed, â€Å"Prohibition of the burqa and the niqab would not liberate oppressed women, but might instead lead to their further alienation in European societies. A general ban on such attires would constitute an ill-advised invasion of individual privacy. Depending on its precise terms, a prohibition also

Buisness law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buisness law - Assignment Example Although the constitution is being enforced to push the section that permit one to be prosecuted once he/she burns the flag. The flag burning should be made unlawful. As many people designate it as a form of protest simply like boycott, it is not itself a speech but a symbol (Allport 98). Incident, at which the flag is burned to send a certain message to the government the act, does not support the civil obedience as a free speech (Allport 98). Whoever, uses a flag burning as an indicator of communicating a certain issue must be considered as a criminal consequently he/she ought to receive the punishment according to the law (Allport 98). This is because the disapproval of the first amendment law is not being categorized under unlawful act. The legitimacy is flag burning is a juvenile mechanism used to protest. Many suspects and victims of flag burning at the end of the day are sent to the penitentiary despite the fact that others think of potency and martyrs (Allport 98). However, the people of the state should respect the flag before supporting ridiculous decisions. The Supreme Court should address this issue and amend a constitution that prohibits freedom of speech through burning flag (Allport 98). The court should consider flag burning as a violation of freedom of

Five Goals Expected to Learn From Business in Singapore Essay - 7

Five Goals Expected to Learn From Business in Singapore - Essay Example It is planned to carry on research and form an understanding of how Singaporean culture relates to and how they do business. How Singapore do business with another country which does not agree with their beliefs? This research paper will try to analyze the Singapore Culture through the lens of Hofstede’s dimensions and evaluates the same with the American culture and to find out the main areas of issues for the business between Singapore and USA thereby offering a recommendation to fish out these differences to further enhance mutual business between these nations. (www.geert-hofstede.com/singapore.html, 2014). Singapore culture can be regarded as ‘pro-west’ in many manners and it more or less reflects the Anglo-culture. The traditional Singaporean culture encourages the work culture that is comprised of collective decision and group harmony and Western business people who visit Singapore would often face a vast variance and clearly visualize how collectivism still exists in a modern society (Wong, 2013, p.132). In this section of the research paper, more emphasis will be given to what is Singapore’s impact on the business world internationally not just local or regionally? IFC and the World Bank rate Singapore as leading and number one nation as regards to ease of doing business and places Singapore is in the second place in the international level for the strength of investor’s protection. The port of Singapore remains as the globe’s busiest seaport and remains as the second top center for containerized transhipment traffic. Singapore remains as the globe’s 4th largest center for foreign exchange activities.  

Environments and Ecosystems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environments and Ecosystems - Essay Example Most interesting to the ecological properties of the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi River is that the outflow does not immediately mix with the salt-containing water, maintaining its fresh-water integrity as it flows with Gulf currents. The stability of the river reduces the salt content as it maintains it outflow, thus providing significantly different species of plants and animals not regularly found in the Gulf of Mexico at its deepest and most dense levels. New Orleans is also surrounded by a blend of forest and subtropical vegetation that sustains a wide variety of mammals, ornithological birds of flight, and marshland reptiles that are reliant on the duplicity of these ecological differences and blends. For instance, forest-dwelling mammals depend on the food sources from marshland reptiles, which thus controls population as it relates to egg production and gestation periods in crocodiles and snakes, as two examples. These are highly inter-dependent systems that ensure a ba lance in ecology, thus maintaining a quality food chain and avoiding negative impact to human ecology. The Mississippi River and its surrounding marshlands also provide winterizing benefits to mid-continental fowls and opportunities for breeding for non-tropical birds (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, 2002). Some of these species are crucial in other parts of North America for aiding in plant fertilization or reducing certain infestations of unwanted pests in the country. Today, some of these breeding grounds are being impacted by national drought circumstances that are depleting the Mississippi River volume and marshland availability that might have lingering impact on insect volumes or fertilization capabilities of certain indigenous, national plant varieties. Surrounding this blended ecosystem is the human condition, consisting of retail centers, housing developments and scattered suburban lifestyle. In some areas, especially the Gulf and Mississippi River areas, certain species of plants and animals have become dependent on human infrastructure and have thrived as a result of human social development. At the same time, vital breeding grounds for certain fish species have been depleted by human technological restructuring of the flood plain, resulting in lowered populations of certain species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, 2002). This has created more human dependence on the ability of fish hatcheries and breeding systems to repopulate and provide sustenance in the food chain for humans. Additionally, dredging activities in the Gulf and Mississippi River have reduced certain sandbars that were home to clams and oysters that humans rely on for consumption and even commercial benefit. Changing the dynamics of river flow reduces, also, the breeding capabilities of certain fish species, reducing population of plant consuming and fish-consuming breeds in the river. This impacts the bird, human and reptilian food chains that currently maintains unknown long-te rm consequences. Global warming and other climate change, as aforementioned, impacts the viability and volume of the Mississippi River. Outside of the consequences already mentioned, this also changes the dynamics of plant growth and photosynthesis. Increased levels of carbon dioxide provides plants and trees with more vital nutrients, however scientific research has shown that increased carbon dioxide created by global warming alters the root development of large trees. Trees, when

Managing Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Market - Essay Example It has also become increasingly important that companies evaluate their management structure and culture to ensure that they don't hinder a company's objectives and goals. Studies show that organization performance is highly affected by its management. Philip (1988) stresses this point when he points out that an organization management and marketing strategies defines the overall success of a company in a competitive market.( Philip, 1988) This paper will examine the general overview of the fuller's company, take a critical look on projection of company and also include a market analysing using various tools market research such as SWOT, PESTEL, 5 Forces, and Consumer Behaviour. The paper will then make a recommendation on areas for improvement and make a conclusion based on the findings. Fuller Smith & Turner PLC is a company engaged in brewing and retailing. The company business activities include fuller's Inns which consists company managed pubs, leased and tenanted pubs, and company's managed hotels. Other business consists of fuller's Beer Company that consists brewing and also distribution of spirits, wine and beer. Fuller has been brewing beer wine and spirits for more than 350 years, over the past the company has grown to become much strong in terms of market and production. The company has a high reputation currently in managing good pubs and brewing excellent beers like , London pride and Chiswick bitter have remained outstanding over the years claming many awards. In 2005 fuller company acquired Gales company, which was the biggest achievement of the company. The acquisition meant that the company had a total of 362 pubs under its control and another great beer brand in the name of HSB. The company has continued to invest and develop to ensure its market p osition in the industry. The company posted a pre-tax profit of 137.6 million sterling pounds in the first quarter of the 2007 quarter. The success of the company according to Michael Turner the Chief Executive of the company is based in investing in quality. The company is becoming an impressive operation, which incorporates managed and tenanted hotels, pubs and brewery at in London. The share capital stands at 68.1 million sterling pounds. (Fuller's, 2007) The company logo source; www.fullers.co.uk/ir/home SWOT Analysis Most companies, organizations and institutions today are using SWOT analysis as a strategic method/tool for evaluating their strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats with reference to strategic planning. SWOT analysis identifies the internal and external factors that determine the achievements a company has specified in its goals and objectives. First, it specifies the internal factors i.e. strengths and weaknesses of Fuller's company. Secondly, it categorizes the external factors that have been identified to boost or hinder the achievements of the company especially in terms of growth and expansion. These external factors are the opportunities and threats. (Lee and Carter, 2005) Strengths Strength of Fuller's is the image it has, market leadership, financial resources good customer care. Fuller's is among the biggest company in brewing and retailing business having subsidiaries in other foreign countries. It has more than 360 branches located in different countries around the world. They driving

Modernism in the 19th Century Essay Example for Free

Modernism in the 19th Century Essay Modernism was a response to the political, economic and the social chaos of the mid-19th century. Modernists believed in the practical usage of knowledge to solve society’s problems. For them, disciplines should not be sources of abstract concepts. Modernism in the 19th Century Europe in the mid-19th century was characterized with toppled thrones, repressive regimes, civil wars, executions and exiles. Ordinary citizens found themselves trapped in one despotic government after another. The promising careers of many artists were ruined, as many of them either died or fled their homelands. The intellectuals, meanwhile, were already too discredited and disillusioned to be able to work for change (Barzun, 1990). The ideas that were once regarded as the means to bring about a better world were now despised and even blamed for the turbulent status quo. Concepts such as liberty, fraternity and equality were dismissed as the products of feeble minds or glib rhetoricians. The images of hard matter and the evil man were embraced as the true representations of reality. Science and politics eventually became the two most important disciplines of the aforementioned period (Barzun, 1990). Consequently, modernism emerged in the late 19th century. Unlike its predecessor, Romanticism, modernism was a discipline that focused on the commonplace. Emphasis was given to â€Å"the dull, dreary, sordid (and) repetitious occurrences of daily life† (Barzun, 1990). The soberness of word and feeling ridiculous replaced the Romanticist notions of love of life and of love itself (Barzun, 1990). Modernism and Progress The prevailing economic situation in the late 19th-century Europe was likewise responsible for the rise of modernism. Urban areas that have separate business, industrial and residential districts proliferated across the continent. Consequently, people during this period assumed a mindset that welcomed innovation instead of constantly relying on past knowledge. Scientific inventions such as steam power, the telegraph and cast iron inspired them to come up with more progressive means of studying â€Å"classical† fields such as architecture, art, literature, applied arts, literature and music (Marx and Mazlish, 1996). Simply put, modernism became synonymous to the usage of â€Å"traditional† subjects to create new ideas that would bring about more progress. The discovery of cast iron, for instance, did not result in just railroad bridges. Architects during this period also used cast iron to come up with amazing structures such as the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. The Eiffel Tower was a novelty in the sense that it was a radically different combination of engineering and art (Marx and Mazlish, 1996). The social sciences, meanwhile, were no longer just an abstract set of theories and principles. Fields such as economics and political science were utilized to improve public administration and governance. The theories of psychology, such as those of Ernst Mach and Sigmund Freud, were applied to the treatment of psychological disorders. In previous centuries, the mentally ill were regarded as a family disgrace and were therefore banished to asylums, where they were treated inhumanely. The studies of Mach and Freud on the human mind would later become part of the foundations of modern-day psychology and psychiatry. Modernism and Religion In the context of religion, modernism translated to the â€Å"(reinterpretation of) Christian (doctrines) in terms of the scientific thought of the 19th century† (MSN Encarta, 2008). Some dogmas of the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Churches were started to be construed as symbolic instead of as literally true. Examples of Modernists in the Roman Catholic Church were theologians George Tyrell, Baron Friedrich von Hugel and Alfred Loisy. Rome responded harshly to them – Pope Pius X condemned the movement as â€Å"heretical, false, rash (and) bold† on July 3, 1907 (MSN Encarta, 2008). Protestant Modernists such as the German theologians Friedrich Schleiermacher and Albrecht Ritschl, meanwhile, wanted to reconcile religious dogmas and history with the theory of evolution and discoveries in ancient history, psychology and archaeology. As a result, they did not believe in the literal inspiration of the Bible and the historical accuracy of the Gospels. For them, moral and ethical behavior was more important to Christian life, rather than blind obedience to formal creeds. In addition, church officials should prioritize social activities over academic issues (MSN Encarta, 2008). Conclusion The most noteworthy characteristic of modernism in the 19th century is that it encouraged the practical use of knowledge to solve problems. Ideas of the existing schools of thought during the 19th century were no longer abstract concepts – they were actually used to come up with progress. Instead of merely shouting â€Å"Liberty, Fraternity and Equality! † economic principles were applied to ensure wise government spending. And rather than arguing that â€Å"Jesus Christ is the Savior of the world,† it would be easier to make people understand that â€Å"Jesus Christ was sent on earth to teach human beings to love one another as they love themselves. † References Barzun, J. (1990). The Cradle of Modernization. American Scholar, 59, 519-527. Retrieved December 15, 2008 from EBSCO. Marx, L. , Mazlish, B. (1996). Progress: Fact or Illusion? Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. MSN Encarta. (2008). Modernism (Religion). Retrieved December 15, 2008, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761568195/Modernism_(religion). html

Practical on Enthalpy Changes Between Acids and Bases Essay Example for Free

Practical on Enthalpy Changes Between Acids and Bases Essay Introduction All life on earth depends on the transfers of energy in chemical reactions. So that measurements can be made when energy is transferred during chemical reactions, that have to be carried out under controlled conditions. A special name is given to process where energy is transferred and exchanged with the surroundings, when taking place under constants pressure. The special name given to this type of process is Enthalpy. When chemical reactions take place they release energy to the surroundings. There are also special names given to these kind of energy transfers. They are called exothermic and endothermic reactions. Out of these two types exothermic reactions are most easily detected. This is because in exothermic reactions energy is realised to the surroundings and is detected by temperature rise. But some chemical reactions only occur when energy is put into them from an external source. Reactions which require this sort of input are called endothermic reactions. Enthalpy is the total energy content of the reacting materials. The symbol for enthalpy is ?H. Enthalpy is measured during a reaction. Energy is transferred to and from a reaction system and as a result the enthalpy changes. The equation used to calculate the enthalpy is as follows. ? H = mc ?T (H is the enthalpy change, M is the mass of the reacting solution and C is the specific heat capacity for water.) Acids are known as proton donors. Acids have a pH below 7 which varies from one acids to another. What I mean by this is that a strong acid readily gives away protons and is fully ionised in water. A weak acid is reluctant to give up its protons and is slightely ionised by water. Bases are on the other hand the total chemical opposites of acids they are proto acceptors. carry out was to an practical where an acid is basically reacted with a base and the heat produced by the reaction recorded. Health and Saftey During this practical a white lab coat should be worn and safety glasses du the use of acids could be dangerous. Method Refer to sheet given by lecturer Results Strengths Solutions pH of solutions A2 1M Hydrochloric acid 0.68 A1 1M Sulphuric acid 0.32 A3 1M Ethanoic acid 2.42 B1 1M Sodium hydroxide 13.38 B3 1M Sodium hydrogen carbonate 8.42 B2 1M Ammonia 11.39 Key A1 = Strongest acid A3 = Weakest acid B1 = Strongest base B3 = weakest base Acid Base T1 (Temp ?C) T2 (Temp ?C) Temp change (?C) ? H = mc ?T HCl with NaOH 23 30 7 -1170.4 2NaHCO3 23 28 5 -836 NH3 23 29 6 -1003.2 H2SO4 NaOH 22 27 5 -836 2NaHCO3 22 23 1 -167.2 NH3 22 25 3 -501.6 CH3CH2OH NaOH 21 27 6 -1003.2 2NaHCO3 21 20 + 1 167.2 NH3 21 25 4 -668.8 Conclusion After successfully completing my experiment I have concluded a number of things. From my results I have results concluded that there is a relationship in our results to a certain degree. For example the enthalpy for each acid is as follows. The most strongest acid sulphuric acid, which had the lowest pH showed that when mixed with the base sodium hydroxide it gave the highest enthalpy value then the second strongest acid compared to the same base and then the third acids which was the weakest. This showed me that as the acid got weaker the enthalpy values also decreased. The way in which I kept my experiment a fair test was that I made sure that I used the same equipment for example to use the same thermometer each time I made a temperature recording at the start of a reaction and at the end and made sure that each time the thermometer came back to its original temperature. Also I made sure that we used the same digital pH meter and that it was washed everytime after use to remove all impurities so contamination would not occur. Another important aspect was to make sure that the experiment was carried out in the same conditions because if for example the temperature changed this could have affected our practical and results. If I was to conduct this experiment again I would make a number of changes. Firstley one point in the practical which I thought caused chance of error was when reading the meniscus line on the cylinder it was very hard to get this exactly right. A better and more accurate way would have been if we used an pipette it would have made it more accurate. I think another aspect which could cause error was the thermometer which could have used a digital one. And also finally there could have been another area in which error could have been caused is the pH meter this if not cleaned properly could infected my other solutions.

Murder Manslaughter And Infanticide Philosophy Essay

Murder Manslaughter And Infanticide Philosophy Essay Murder is the crime of intentionally causing the death of another human being, without lawful excuse. The definition of murder was given in the case of Chris Rwakasisi, Elias Wanyama v Uganda (1991) UGSC 2. The appellants where indicted for 16 counts of murder and kidnapping with intent to murder. The justices of the supreme court defined murder thus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.It consists of the unlawful act or omission of one person, which causes the death of another person with malice aforethought. The elements of the offence are thus (1) the unlawful act or omission; (2) the death being caused as a result of the act or omission; and (3) malice aforethought, that is the intent to cause death or knowledge that the act or omission would, probably cause death (at least serious bodily harm). When an illegal death was not caused intentionally, but was caused by recklessness or negligence (or there is some defense, such as diminished capacity), the crime committed is manslaughter. The first element in murder is causing death. It is impossible to give a precise definition of this, but some legal principles have been developed to help. The penal code act section 196 states that A person is deemed to have caused the death of another person although his or her act is not the immediate or sole cause of death in any of the following cases- (a) If he or she inflicts bodily injury on another person in consequence of which that person undergoes surgical or medical treatment which causes death. In this case it is immaterial whether the treatment was proper or mistaken, if it was employed in good faith and with common knowledge and skill; but the person inflicting the injury is not deemed to have caused the death if the treatment which was its immediate cause was not employed in good faith or was so employed without common knowledge or skill; b) if he or she inflicts a bodily injury on another which would not have caused death if the injured person had submitted to proper surgical or medical treatment or had observed proper precautions as to his or her mode of living; c) if by actual or threatened violence he or she causes such other person to perform an act which causes the death of such person, such act being a means of avoiding such violence which in the circumstances would appear natural to the person whose death is so caused; d) if by any act or omission he or she hastened the death of a person suffering under any disease or injury which apart from such act or omission would have caused death; e) if his or her act or omission would not have caused death unless it had been accompanied by an act or omission of the person killed or of other persons. Many common law jurisdictions abide by the year and a day rule, which provides that one is to be held responsible for a persons death only if they die within a year and a day of the act. Thus, if you seriously injured someone, and they died from their injuries within a year and a day, you would be guilty of murder; but you would not be guilty if they died from their injuries after a year and a day had passed. Malice aforethought is the second ingredient when determining murder. Originally malice aforethought carried its everyday meaning-a deliberate and premeditated killing of another motivated by ill will. It is the intent and knowledge of committing an unlawful act. section 191 of the Penal code Uganda defines malice aforethought as an intention to cause the death of any person, whether such person is the person actually killed or not; or knowledge that the act or omission causing death will probably cause the death of some person, whether such person is the person actually killed or not, although such knowledge is accompanied by indifference whether death is caused or not, or by a wish that it may not be caused Murder necessarily required that an appreciable time pass between the formation and execution of the intent to kill. The courts broadened the scope of murder by eliminating the requirement of actual premeditation and deliberation as well as true malice. All that was required for malice aforethought to exist is that the perpetrator act with one of the four states of mind that constitutes malice. It is not murder to kill someone with lawful excuse; lawful excuses include killing enemy combatants in time of war (but not after they surrendered), killing a person who poses an immediate threat to the lives of ones self or others (i.e., in self-defense), and executing a person in accordance with a sentence of death (in those jurisdictions which use capital punishment). Sometimes extreme provocation or duress can justify killing another as well. Under English law, it is murder to kill another human being for food, even if without doing so one would die of starvation. This originated in a case of R v Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QB shipwrecked sailors cast adrift off the coast of South Africa in the 1920s; two of the sailors conspired to kill the other sailor, and having killed him ate his flesh to survive. Most countries allow conditions that affect the balance of the mind to be regarded as mitigating circumstances against murder. This means that a person may be found guilty of manslaughter on the basis of diminished responsibility rather than murder, if it can be proved that they were suffering from a condition that affected their judgment at the time. Depression, Post-traumatic stress disorder and medication side-effects are examples of conditions that may be taken into account when assessing responsibility. Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being, in a manner considered by law as less culpable than murder. The law generally differentiates between levels of criminal culpability based on the mens rea, or state of mind. This is particularly true within the law of homicide, where murder requires either the intent to kill a state of mind called malice, or malice aforethought or the knowledge that ones actions are likely to result in death; manslaughter, on the other hand, requires a lack of any prior intention to kill or create a deadly situation. Manslaughter is usually broken down into two distinct categories: voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter. Voluntary manslaughter occurs either when the defendant kills with malice aforethought (intention to kill or cause serious harm), but there are mitigating circumstances which reduce culpability, or when the defendant kills only with an intent to cause serious bodily harm. This can be seen in the case of Francis Masaba v Uganda 1989 UGSC 1. The appellant was a bar tender and was involved in a fight with the deceased after a night of drinking. The appellant is said to have stab the deceased three times in the chest. The learned justices upheld the verdict of manslaughter Voluntary manslaughter in some jurisdictions is a lesser included offense of murder. The Penal code act 1950 sets out three partial defences that reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter; diminished responsibility, provocation and suicide pact. Diminished responsibility. This covers diminished mental responsibility for a crime falling short of the requirements of the complete defence of Insanity. Under Section 194 Penal code Act 19570 there are three requirements for the defendant to raise the defence of diminished responsibility: The defendant suffered from an abnormality of mind at the time of the killing. An abnormality of mind is a state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal. The abnormality was caused by one of the causes specified by the Act: a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind, any inherent cause or a disease or injury. The abnormality substantially impaired the defendants mental responsibility for the killing. Substantial means the lack of control must simply be more than trivial. Under s194 (2) of the Act it is for the defendant to prove he suffered from such a condition on the balance of probabilities. Provocation. Provocation was originally a common law defense to murder, but it was reformed by s3 Homicide Act 1957. There are two limbs to the defence, first the defendant must have actually been provoked, and second the provocation must be such as would have made the reasonable man act as the defendant did. Provocation can come from someone other than the victim and be aimed at someone other than the accused. Further the defense is not defeated by the fact that the defendant induced the provocation. Provocation in fact: It is a question of fact for the judge whether the defendant was in fact provoked. The loss of control must be sudden and temporary; however it can be the result of slow burn with a relatively minor final straw. This can be evidenced the case of John Bisset Stenhouse v Uganda 1972 UGCA 1. In this case the appellant was a school teacher who was attacked by riotous students. The teacher and his wife were attacked by stones. The teacher fired two shoots from his gun killing two students. The learned judges held that the teacher was under provocation and acted in self defence. The reasonable man test: The provocation must be enough to make a reasonable man do as the defendant did. The reasonable man has the same sex and age as the defendant and such characteristics as affect the gravity of the provocation to the defendant, but characteristics irrelevant to the provocation such as unrelated mental disorders are not given to the reasonable man. Finally, the reasonable man always has reasonable powers of self control and is never intoxicated. Suicide pacts. Penal Code 1950 introduced the defence of suicide pact. The intention was to show some compassion for those who had been involved in a suicide pact but failed to die. A suicide pact is a common agreement between two or more persons having for its object the death of all of them, whether or not each is to take his own life. The accused must have had a settled intention of dying in pursuance of the pact to avoid him entering into a supposed pact with the real intention of committing murder. This is in section 195 of the penal code Act It shall be manslaughter and shall not be murder for a person acting in pursuance of a suicide pact between him or her and another to kill the other or be a party to the other killing himself or herself or being killed by a third person Involuntary manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice aforethought. It is distinguished from voluntary manslaughter by the absence of intention. It is normally divided into two categories; constructive manslaughter and criminally negligent manslaughter. Constructive manslaughter is also referred to as unlawful act manslaughter. It is based on the doctrine of constructive malice, whereby the malicious intent inherent in the commission of a crime is considered to apply to the consequences of that crime. It occurs when someone kills, without intent, in the course of committing an unlawful act. The malice involved in the crime is transferred to the killing, resulting in a charge of manslaughter. For example, if a person throws a brick off a bridge into vehicular traffic below they could be found to intend or be reckless as to assault or criminal damage DPP v Newbury. There is no intent to kill, and a resulting death would not be considered murder, but would be considered involuntary manslaughter. The accuseds responsibility for causing death is constructed from the fault in committing what might have been a minor criminal act. Criminally negligent manslaughter occurs where death results from serious negligence, or, in some jurisdictions, serious recklessness. A high degree of negligence is required to warrant criminal liability. A related concept is that of willful blindness, which is where a defendant intentionally puts himself in a position where he will be unaware of facts which would render him liable. Infanticide. Another form of voluntary manslaughter is infanticide. This offense is in the Penal Code of Uganda Section 213. Generally, a conviction of infanticide will be made where the court is satisfied that a mother killed her newborn child while the balance of her mind was disturbed as a result of childbirth; for instance, in cases of post-natal depression. It is a form of manslaughter, and carries the same range of sentences as a manslaughter conviction. While infanticide is a separate offense from murder, and not a reductive defense to murder, in practice it works in much the same way as a reductive defense. Such was in the case of Miriam Muthoni Kariuki v Republic (2008) KLR Court of Appeal. The appellant was convicted of murdering her 1year son by strangulation by the high court. On appeal the Justices of the Court of Appeal found her to have been with a disturbed at the time of the act and consequently substituted the conviction of murder with infanticide.

Ankle Sprains for the Dancer :: essay papers

Ankle Sprains for the Dancer Ankles are one of the many body parts that have the highest incidence of injury by the performance of dance. Ankle sprains are one of the most common sprains occurring to the dancer. Even though structurally the ankle may be considered a moderately strong joint, it is subject to sudden twists, especially when the dancer steps on some irregular surface. Serious injury occurring to joints or bones result initially from impact forces, with carelessness and fatigue playing a major role. Late in the practice day or just before an opening performance when the dancer is trying most for perfection, seems to be the time when most serious injuries occur. The older the dancer the more susceptible he or she is to serious joint and bone injuries. Many ankle injuries may be directly attributed to dancing on a too hard surface, or a too soft surface. Going to pointe before a dancer is ready can also be detrimental because if proper strength is lacking, sprained ankles can result. The sprain is primarily an injury to the ligamentous supportive structures of a joint. It seldom occurs without affecting muscle tendons crossing the joint. The sprain is categorized into first, second, and third degrees of intensity. The intensity of a sprain is best determined by the extent of the dancer^s disability as well as the tenderness elicited by feel or palpation and the amount of hemorrhage and swelling present. A dancer with a second or third degree sprain must routinely be referred to a physician for x-ray examination and diagnosis, because fracture is commonly associated with a twisted joint. A joint that has lost its ability to function for more than several minutes must be considered to have either a second or a third degree sprain. The highest incidence of injury is to the outside aspect of the ankle and is called inversion sprain of the ankle. This happens when the dancer turns the foot inward, placing an abnormal stretch on the outer ankle ligament. for the dancer with flat feet and/or pronated feet, inside sprains are more common and more serious. Usually a dancer has a high level of flexibility in the ankle region, and it takes a great deal of force to actually cause a sprain. If this force is great enough, ligaments will be torn and even a part of the outer ankle bone may be pulled away. Ankle Sprains for the Dancer :: essay papers Ankle Sprains for the Dancer Ankles are one of the many body parts that have the highest incidence of injury by the performance of dance. Ankle sprains are one of the most common sprains occurring to the dancer. Even though structurally the ankle may be considered a moderately strong joint, it is subject to sudden twists, especially when the dancer steps on some irregular surface. Serious injury occurring to joints or bones result initially from impact forces, with carelessness and fatigue playing a major role. Late in the practice day or just before an opening performance when the dancer is trying most for perfection, seems to be the time when most serious injuries occur. The older the dancer the more susceptible he or she is to serious joint and bone injuries. Many ankle injuries may be directly attributed to dancing on a too hard surface, or a too soft surface. Going to pointe before a dancer is ready can also be detrimental because if proper strength is lacking, sprained ankles can result. The sprain is primarily an injury to the ligamentous supportive structures of a joint. It seldom occurs without affecting muscle tendons crossing the joint. The sprain is categorized into first, second, and third degrees of intensity. The intensity of a sprain is best determined by the extent of the dancer^s disability as well as the tenderness elicited by feel or palpation and the amount of hemorrhage and swelling present. A dancer with a second or third degree sprain must routinely be referred to a physician for x-ray examination and diagnosis, because fracture is commonly associated with a twisted joint. A joint that has lost its ability to function for more than several minutes must be considered to have either a second or a third degree sprain. The highest incidence of injury is to the outside aspect of the ankle and is called inversion sprain of the ankle. This happens when the dancer turns the foot inward, placing an abnormal stretch on the outer ankle ligament. for the dancer with flat feet and/or pronated feet, inside sprains are more common and more serious. Usually a dancer has a high level of flexibility in the ankle region, and it takes a great deal of force to actually cause a sprain. If this force is great enough, ligaments will be torn and even a part of the outer ankle bone may be pulled away.

Davenport Public Librarys Mission :: Papers

Davenport Public Library's Mission Davenport Public Library's mission is to serve as a resource center for the community and provide free and equal access to information, materials, services and programs designed to meet the informational, learning, cultural and recreational needs of our citizens. Information is available in a variety of formats, including electronic databases and online services such as the Internet. The Internet is a vast, unregulated information network, which provides access to ideas, information, images, and commentary beyond the confines of the Library's collection, mission, selection criteria, and collection development policies. The Library is not responsible for Internet content, some of which may be considered offensive or disturbing by some individuals. Users are encouraged to exercise critical judgment in evaluating the validity of information obtained via the Internet and should be aware that the information found may be incomplete, inaccurate, dated, or controversial. Because sites on the Internet change rapidly and unpredictably, the Library cannot monitor or control Internet information or images. The use of library materials and information for unlawful or unethical purposes is prohibited; this includes information accessed through electronic means. Misrepresentation of identity and/or modification or unauthorized access of hardware, software, data, files, or passwords is prohibited. Users may not make any changes to the system, install software, save data to any drives, connect or disconnect cables/peripherals, or damage/alter the setup or configuration of the software or hardware. Sending, receiving, or displaying of any material in violation of laws or regulations is prohibited. This includes, but is not limited to, copyrighted material and threatening or obscene material. The Library reserves the right to end an Internet session at any time. The Library assumes no responsibility for any damages, direct or indirect, to any person or entity, arising from its connection to the Internet or other electronic information. Under Iowa law, parents or legal guardians are responsible for their children until the age of 18. In the context of the Library, parents are responsible for monitoring their child's reading and use of Library materials and services including electronic

Against United States Currency Mentioning God Essays -- Politics Gover

"In God We Trust" should be removed from United States' currency. The mention of God, which is a religious belief, misrepresents those United States citizens who do not hold this belief. In Source D, Jon Murray, President of the non-profit organization American Atheists, argues that the motto "In God We Trust" inscribed on the mint violates the Free Speech, Free Exercise, and Establishment clauses of the First Amendment. It violates Free Speech by the inability to erase or eliminate the inscription by making it illegal by criminal law that "[w]hoever fraudulently alters, defaces, mutilates, impairs, diminishes, falsifies, scales, or lightens any of the coins coined at the mints of the United States' shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both (18 USC Sec 331)." It is likewise this way with paper notes in 18 USC Sec 332. To function in this society, people must carry around money. People who don't support the inscription are forced to carry aroun d false representation and therefore, according to Murray, this violates the Free Expression Act. The Establishment Clause isn't so clear, mainly that Church and State must be separate and that the government should avoid any entanglements with religion. Recently, instead of "Will there be too much government entanglement with religion?" judges have been defining violation of the Establishment as if the subject ?benefits religion in a way more direct and more substantial than practices that are excepted into our national heritage.? And that?s what the blurry notion of what?s religious and what?s in our heritage is (Source I). A common argument debating the motto on our coins is that ?God? is not, in fact, a religious belief, merely an important par... ...DocServer/In_God_We_Trust_In_Public_Schools.pdf?d ocID=151?>. Leahy, James E. The First Amendment, 1791-1991: Two Hundred Years of Freedom. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. 1991. Murray, Jon. ?God On Our Coins?. American Atheists. Sept. 14, 1988. . Swank, Grant. ?Atheist Attacks ?In God We Trust.?? The Conservative Voice. Aug. 16, 2006. . United States Department of the Treasury. Coins and Currency. History of ?In God We Trust?. Online Database. August 31, 2007. . W.W. Hening. Statutes at Large of Virginia, vol. 12. 1823. Jefferson, Thomas. Pages 84-86: ?Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.? .

Neo-Liberal Hyperglobalism

Globalisation is a major topic of debate of our era. Globalisation can be defined as the â€Å"global growing interconnectedness between economy, technology, culture and political institutions† (Lofgren & Sarangi, 2009, pg. 57). This essay will discuss how globalisation can be good for developing countries. By applying Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism, I will analyse and demonstrate the various beneficial effects of globalisation through the case of India and the reform measures they have recently taken towards globalisation.Globalisation can provide new opportunities for developing countries due to increased access to developed country markets and technology, resulting in improved productivity and higher living standards (Balakrishnan, 2004). Following a major economic crises, India liberalised it’s economy in the early nineties. Inflation had rocketed to an annual rate of 17%, high fiscal deficit had become unsustainable and foreign investors confidence in Indian Economy wa s low (Goyal, 2006, p. 167). It was these factors that put pressure on the Indian government to call for a complete revamp of their economic policies.Some of the major changes made, as part of the economic liberalisation and globalisation strategy, included government’s privatisation and disinvestment in a majority of the public sector undertakings, allowing foreign direct investment (FDI) across many industries, the removal of quantitative restrictions on imports and the reduction of customs tariff from over 300% to 30 % (Goyal, 2006, p. 167). The main purpose of India’s economic reform is to ultimately â€Å"integrate Indian economy with world economy† (Singh, 1995, p. 36).This liberalisation and globalisation of the economy can help solve India’s major problems of unemployment and poverty. India’s economic reform favours a more open and market orientated economy (Goyal, 2006, p. 166). India’s new economic structure emulates the principals of neo-liberal Hyperglobalism. Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism â€Å"celebrates the global dominance of market principals over state power† (Lofgren & Sarangi, 2009, pg. 70). This means that decisions about allocation, production and distribution in the economy are left to the global economy rather than the government. Burke, Devetak & George, 2008, p. 299). States are increasingly the ‘decision- takers' and not the ‘decision-makers' (Goldblatt, Held, McGrew & Perraton, 1999). Three key terms that come out of neoliberalism are deregulation, liberalisation and privatisation all of which India’s new economic policies draw on. Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism favours globalism as beneficial process for a developing country. The benefits that Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism can provide are evident in India. India’s steps towards globalisation through new economic reforms have produced some significant benefits for the country.The privatisation of particular state-owned enterprises provides the government with an increased amount of cash which they can then spend on increasing their citizen’s quality of life through increased food supplies and the development of hospitals, schools, infrastructure etc in poverty stricken regions. The domestic economy has been freed up from state control, virtually abolishing state monopoly in all sectors (Panagariya, 2001). This has lead to greater competition in industries; resulting in lower prices, a greater supply of goods which benefits the citizens (Goyal, 2006, p. 68). Another step towards globalisation that has proven beneficial for India is the decision to allow foreign direct investment in the Indian industry. The huge amounts of foreign investment that now enter India have significantly boosted the country’s economy. Many foreign companies have set up industries in India, mainly in pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing and chemical sectors, which have created greater employment oppo rtunities for Indian people, decreasing unemployment and poverty (Dwivedi, 2009).A further benefit of globalisation due to foreign investment in India is the advanced technology that the foreign companies bring with them (Dwivedi, 2009). Advancements in medicine which improve the health of citizens is an example how becoming more technologically advanced can be beneficial for the country. The economic reforms that reduce custom tariffs and remove restrictions on imports support the principals of neo-liberal Hyperglobalism. That is that measures should be taken that allow trade and finance to have unrestricted movement (Burke et. al. , 2010).Removing taxes and quotas can increase international trade which in turn increases economic competition. Competition was rife in the economy, after India’s economic reform, as more imports were encouraged (Balakrishnan, 2004). Exports also significantly increased as countries became more willing to accept India’s products due to the reductions in custom tariffs (Goyal, 2006, p. 170). This improved relationship between India and its trading partners can encourage low prices, reduce unemployment through the creation of more jobs and induce improved living standards.Improved relationships between developed and undeveloped economies can prove to be profitable and extremely valuable for developing countries especially when future policies have to be negotiated. Overall, the economic reforms initiated in India since 1991 has helped the Indian economy to grow at a faster rate and led to fiscal consolidation, control of inflation, and increased foreign investment and technology (Goyal, 2006). The reforms aimed to lliberalise and globalise the domestic economy have helped boost GDP growth rates, which increased from 5. 6% in 1990-91 to a peak level of 77. % in 1996-97 (Balakrishnan, 2004). The new economic policies have also proven to increase citizen’s living standards with increased employment opportunities an d a decrease in poverty from 36% in 1993-94 to 26. 1% in 1999-2000 (Fox, 2002). The new policies can be used to further support the country’s citizens and develop the country. The Indian government’s strategy to globalise their economy has revealed that globalisation can be beneficial to a developing country by aiding the nation to a more favourable financial position. However, there are also negative effects of globalisation.A significant negative effect is the increase in inequality that can arise from globalisation. There have been arguments that state an increase in GDP can in fact increase income inequality. â€Å"Wealth is still concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and a common man in a developing country is yet to see any major benefits of globalization† (Lovekar, 2010). Also multi-national corporations (MNC) can worsen income inequality by generating jobs and producing goods that primarily benefit the richest portion of the population (Positive and Negative Effects of Multinational Corporations, 2010).This means that the richer are getting richer and the poorer are getting poorer. Many employees are working in awful conditions where negligible health and safety regulations apply. This is an example of globalisation can develop an exploitative nature. Furthermore, â€Å"the market economy seems to be more concentrated on the growth of consumerism to attract the high income groups who are mostly in the cities in the developing countries† (Malik, 2010, p. 4). The globalisation strategy paid little attention to the rural economy and the agricultural sector, which is essentially the backbone of the Indian economy.The agriculture sector is a major provider of food and nutrition to the people as well as raw materials to industries and to export trade (Malik, 2010). A further impact the globalisation strategy has had on agriculture sector is the decrease of agriculture’s share in GDP, which has resulted in a decreas e of the per capita income of the farmers and an increase of rural indebtedness (Malik, 2010). India’s era of reforms exhibit many themes that are parallel those of Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism.Since 1991, India has experienced the strong inroad of neoliberalism (Lofgren & Sarangi, 2009). The new economic reforms indicate a strong movement towards deregulation, privitisation and liberalisation of the Indian economy. These three factors are all examples of neoliberalism (Burke et. al. , 2010). A neo-liberal hyperglobalist state would believe that rather than the government trying to regulate and control the market through strict policies, the government should make policies to accommodate and open up the market.India’s new policies indicate the government’s willingness to adopt this thinking and it is through this thinking that has marked India’s steps towards the â€Å"real integration of the Indian economy into the global economy† (Malik, 2010, p. 1 ). In other words India is taking steps towards globalisation. India is an example of how the globalisation of a developing country can be positive and beneficial. Although there are some unfavourable effects such as income inequality, the overall benefits a developing country can receive from globalisation outweigh the negatives.India has proved how applying neo-liberal hyperglobalist principals to the domestic economy of a country can prove to be advantageous. With a greater focus on further developing a globalised economy, developing countries can aim to increase the working and living standards for the country’s citizens and subsequently become a healthy and wealthier state. A more liberal and global market can achieve improved living standards and wealth through the promotion of competition, efficiency, productivity, technological-upgradation and growth (Singh, 1995).Hence I believe, like a hyperglobalist, that globalisation is good for a developing country. References B alakrishnan, C. (2004). Impact of Globalisation on Developing Countries and India. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://economics. about. com/od/globalizationtrade/l/aaglobalization. htm Burke, A. , Devetak, R. , & George, J. (2008). An Introduction to International Relations: Australian Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dwivedi, M. (2009). South Asia Security. India: Kalpaz Publications. Fox, J. W. (2002).Poverty in India Since 1974: A Country Case Study. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://www. ekh. lu. se/ekhcgu/teaching/401d4/poverty%20in%20india. pdf Goldblatt, D. , Held, D. , McGrew, A. , Perraton, J. (1999). Global Transformations: What is globalisation? Retrieved October 11, 2010, from http://www. polity. co. uk/global/whatisglobalization. asp Goyal, K. A. (2006). Impact of Globalization on Developing Countries (With Special Reference To India). International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, (5), 1450-2887.Retrieved October 10, 2010, from ht tp://www. eurojournals. com/IRJFE%206%20goyal. pdf Lofgren, H. , & Sarangi, P. (2009). The Politics and Culture of Globalisation: India and Australia. Social Science Press. Lovekar, V. (2010). Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization. Retrieved October 11, 2010, from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-globalization. html Malik, T. (2010). Impact of globalization on Indian economy- An overview. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://www. ibre2fashion. com/industry-article/8/738/impact-of-globalization7. asp Panagariya, A. (2001). India’s Economic Reforms: What Has Been Accomplished? What Remains to Be Done? ERD POLICY BRIEF SERIES Economics and Research Department,(2). Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://www. adb. org/Documents/EDRC/Policy_Briefs/PB002. pdf Positive and Negative Effects of Multinational Corporations. (2010). Retrieved October 11, 2010, from http://www. socialscience. gardner-webb. edu/Faculty/craymond/Devdocs/DevMNCposn

Dyspepsia Chronic Or Recurrent Pain Health And Social Care Essay

Good nutrition is indispensable to good wellness throughout life, get downing with pre natal life and go oning through old age. An ancient ayurvedic adage denotes that â€Å" When diet is incorrect medical specialty is of no usage, when diet is right medical specialty is of no demand. Thus nutrition scientific discipline helps to advance human wellness and dainty disease. Aging is a natural evident fact in human life. The universe is expected to see an unprecedented ripening of the human population in states worldwide. It is likely that there are 416 million old people ( aged 60 old ages and supra ) around the Earth and by 2020 universe ‘s 11.9 % of population will be above 60 old ages ( Mr. Katz ) . In India besides the tendency is same, 7.5 % of the entire population is above 60 old ages. Harmonizing to the population appraisal of Tamil Nadu 2001, Male senior citizens within 60-69 twelvemonth of age was 5.35 % , 70-79 old ages of age was 2.49 % and 80 old ages of age and above was 86 % .Female senior citizens in 60-69 twelvemonth of age was 5.62 % , 70-79 old ages of age was 2.41 % .80 old ages and above was 0.9 % .When comparison with 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1991 twelvemonth nose count, there was addition in figure of senior citizens in Tamil Nadu. Harmonizing to the nose count of Madurai, the population aged 60 to 64 old ages predicted as 3.05 % , 65-69 twelvemonth projected as 2.10 % , 70 to74 old ages reported as 1.54 % , 75-79 twelvemonth predicted as 0.78 % and 80 + old ages anticipated as 0.88 % .It is estimated that the proportion of with this addition in the population of the senior citizens, societies in each state have to larn how to cover with a new set of wellness challenges. It is known that the senior citizens suffer from assorted types of jobs physically, psychologically, economically and socially. 45 % of old age people in India have chronic disease and disablements. There is a common expression by the natural healer that â€Å" All disease begins in the intestine. † Chiefly the increased prevalence of several common GI upsets occurs in the aged individual. Senior citizens normally experiences dysphasia, anorexia, indigestion, and colonic jobs. Among these indigestions holding the highest prevalence rate in India. Dyspepsia is a chronic or perennial hurting or uncomfortableness centered in the upper venters associated with a assortment of symptoms including station prandial comprehensiveness, bloating, flatulency, sickness, purging, pyrosis, early repletion and acerb regurgitation. Globally the incidence rate of indigestion is 7 to 45 % . The hazard factors of indigestion include nutrient, intoxicant, caffeine, indigestion and medicines contribute to dyspepsia. Chronic indigestion associated with stomachic malignant neoplastic disease, peptic ulcer, gastro esophageal reflux upset or may miss an identifiable cause. Dyspepsia can be categorized in to three ; those with dismay characteristics, those with no dismay characteristics but found to be positive for H.pylori ( unsophisticated indigestion ) and those in whom no causal organic disease has been identified ( functional indigestion ) . The common direction of indigestion includes lifestyle alterations, H.pylori therapy, and pharmacological di rection. Pharmacological direction includes alkalizers, prokinectics, acid suppressive cytoprotective and H.pylori obliteration agents. Indigestion can be managed in place by disposal of Ginger infusion. Ginger has been used as a traditional medical specialty in Asia and India since antediluvian times. Ginger infusion has a spicy inspiring gustatory sensation. It is used as a place redress for dyspepsia, sickness, cold and sore pharynxs. The characteristic olfactory properties and spirit of ginger root is caused by a mixture of zingrone, shogaols and gingerols, volatile oils that compose about one to three per centum of the weight of fresh ginger. Volatile oils have the ability to chase away gas and cut down bloating in the bowel. Ginger is rich in such oils. It promotes the production of spit, which is called sialagogue. This action makes the ginger to excite the flow of gall from the saddle sore vesica which helps dyspepsia.Need FOR THE STUDYDyspepsia is non a disease but a group of symptoms that alert practician to disease of the upper gastro-intestinal piece of land. It is reported that 50 % of people with dyspep sia ego medicate utilizing alkalizers and low dosage H2 receptor adversaries, perchance with advice from a community druggist, but statistics show that every bit many as one in 4 people in Scotland with indigestion and one in 10 in England and Wales consult their general practician. Dyspepsia is one of the dominant upper gastro-intestinal jobs among elderly. It is non been shown to be associated with any addition in mortality. However, the impact of this status on patients and wellness attention services has been shown to be considerable. In a recent community study of several European and North American populations, 20 % of people with dyspeptic symptoms had consulted either primary attention doctors or hospital specializers ; more than 50 % of indigestion sick persons were on medicine most of the clip and about 30 % of dyspeptics reported taking yearss off work or schooling due to their symptoms. The prevalence rate of indigestion varies well between different populations. Dyspepsia is considered as a public wellness job in India. Nationwide study of indigestion conducted in 2006 shows that the prevalence of uninvestigated indigestion was 30.4 % . A study in urban Mumbai found that uninvestigated indigestion was more prevailing in grownups & gt ; 40 old ages of age. A study on cultural group of Indians found that the estimated rate of uninvestigated indigestion was 7.5 % . In an urban study in India found that no difference in dyspeptic symptoms occurred between vegetarians ( 29.1 % ) and meat-eaters ( 31.2 % ) . This shows that indigestion is a common job in India among senior citizens. A planetary position on the prevalence of uninvestigated indigestion varies between 7-45 % and functional indigestion has been noted to change between 11-29.2 % .The prevalence of lowest rate of uninvestigated indigestion was seen in Singapore ( 7-8 % ) , South East Asia, somewhat higher rates are seen amongst the Scandinavians ( 14.5 % and 18.4 % ) , a prevalence rates are of 23-25.8 % are seen in the US with populations in India ( 30.4 % ) and New Zealand ( 34.2 % ) holding the highest rate. Whereas the prevalence rate of functional indigestion in UK, Taiwan and US were 15 % , 23.8 % and 29.8 % severally. Hazard factors for indigestion have been shown to include females and underlying psychological perturbations, environmental/lifestyle wonts such as hapless economic position, smoke, increased caffeine consumption and consumption of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs appear to be more relevant to un investigated indigestion.It is clear that indigestion is a common status globally, impacting most populations, irrespective of location. A survey on herbal medical specialty and gastro enteric system shows that ginger stimulates the flow of spit, gall and stomachic secernments. Ginger addition gastro enteric motility without impacting stomachic voidance. These findings appear to back up to the traditional usage of ginger in the intervention of GI uncomfortableness and bloating. A few surveies have proven the effects of ginger to the human organic structure. Although non yet every bit celebrated as other herbs, at least, ginger is going popular as alternate to other herbs. Among the celebrated herbal uses of ginger is as an infusion. The great benefits that ginger pull out can give are genuinely unmeasurable. There are many geriatric units in and around Madurai. The common issue identified among senior citizens is dyspepsia. Investigator felt that the ginger infusion for indigestion will assist to still and to advance better GI map among aged with low cost herbal medical specialty. In the visible radiation of the magnitude of the indigestion job and the deficiency of related surveies, the research worker has undertaken this survey to find effectivity of ginger infusion in cut downing badness of dyspeptic symptoms.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMAn experimental survey to measure the effectivity of ginger infusion on indigestion among senior citizens shacking in geriatric attention unit of Christian Mission Hospital, Madurai- 2010.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo measure the degree of indigestion among experimental and control group before administrating ginger infusion. To measure the degree of indigestion among experimental and control group after administrating ginger infusion. To happen out the difference in the degree of indigestion between experimental and control group. To happen the association between the degree of indigestion and socio demographic variables in the experimental group after administrating ginger infusion.RESEARCH HYPOTHESISH1: There will be a important difference between the degree of indigestion between the control group and experimental group with Ginger infusion. H2: There will be a important association between the station trial degree of dyspeptic symptoms and demographic variables.PremiseThe undermentioned premises were made in this survey. The senior citizens would co operate with research worker and would be willing to take part efficaciously in the survey. The points included in the tool would be equal and stand for the step of dyspeptic symptoms badness. Every senior citizen is alone and responds in a alone mode to depict the badness of dyspeptic symptoms. The Ginger infusion would be sufficient to still dyspeptic symptoms. Ginger infusion will be easy acceptable by the senior citizens.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONEffectiveness of Ginger infusionIn this survey, it refers to the decrease in badness of dyspeptic symptoms as measured by the average difference in dyspepsia badness tonss utilizing 7-point Global overall symptoms of dyspepsia graduated table before and after disposal of Ginger infusion.Ginger infusionIn this survey, it refers to a liquid prepared by boiling peeled and grated A? tsp of fresh ginger in H2O constituted to 100 milliliter of infusion, to which 10 milliliter of honey is added to dulcify and 5 beads of lemon beads to season.IndigestionIn this survey, it refers to symptoms of upper gastro enteric piece of land related to digestion as represented by the senior citizens, which includes dyspepsia, upper abdominal uncomfortableness, sickness, bloating, flatulency, station prandial comprehensiveness, early repletion, flatulency, diarrhea, irregularity, dysphagia, coated lingua and un pleasant gu statory sensation in the oral cavity.Senior CitizensBoth male and female aged people who were aged 60 old ages and above and were populating off from their household in selected geriatric attention unit is referred as senior citizen.Geriatric unitGeriatric unit refers to geriatric attention division of Christian Mission Hospital, Madurai, where senior citizen ‘s distinguishable demands are catered.Boundary lineThe survey is delimited to Senior citizens shacking in the geriatric unit, CMH, Madurai.PROJECTED OUTCOMEThe survey findings will be effectual in cut downing the degree of dyspeptic symptoms among senior citizens shacking in selected geriatric unit and to wake up the involvement in non pharmacological intercessions like ginger infusion towards indigestion. Findingss of this survey will assist to be after and pattern Ginger infusion as a complementary therapy in advanced nursing pattern.CHAPTER- IIREVIEW OF LITERATURELinkss between new research subjects and bing cognition are by and large developed by a thorough reappraisal of anterior research workers on a subject and so by developing a model for the subject on the footing of what is studied. In this chapter, the reappraisal works of relevant literature and research surveies are organized under the undermentioned facets. Scenario of indigestion Magnitude of indigestion among aged people Associated factors of indigestion Tool – Global over all symptom graduated table for Dyspepsia Consequence of ginger on wellness complaints Dyspepsia and ginger1. Surveies related to Scenario of indigestion.Sahib, Y. et.al ( 2004 ) conducted a survey on the prevalence and hazard factor of functional indigestion in a multi cultural population in the United States to mensurate the prevalence of functional indigestion and its hazard factors in a multi cultural voluntary sample of the US population. A questionnaire method was followed. Consequences indicate that the prevalence of indigestion was 31.9 per 100 and 15.8 per 100. About 64.5 % Participants with indigestion had functional indigestion. The survey concludes that most topics with indigestion had functional indigestion. Bhatia SJ et.al ( 2001 ) conducted a survey on epidemiology of indigestion in the general population in Mumbai to find the prevalence, human ecology and economic deductions of indigestion in Mumbai. A questionnaire method was followed. Consequence shows that 774 topics had indigestion, 614 people had abdominal comprehensiveness, 374 had abdominal hurting, and 272 had pyrosis and belching. The survey concludes that indigestion was reported by about tierce of the population in Mumbai. M.JJ Van Bommel.et.al ( 2001 ) conducted a survey on audiences and referrals for indigestion in general practice-a one twelvemonth database study to depict the prevalence of indigestion in general pattern, and the clinical and non clinical determiners of referral in these patients. Cross tablets and logistic arrested development analysis were carried out to uncover patient features and referral. The prevalence of indigestion in primary attention was 3.4 % .The survey concludes that indigestion is a often happening ailment in primary attention patients and normally treated by their general practician.2. Magnitude of indigestion among aged peopleAlberto pilotto et.al ( 2006 ) Conducted a survey on the drug used by the aged in general pattern: effects on upper gastro intestinal symptoms to measure the prevalence of drug usage by aged outpatients in Italy and to place the association between drug usage and gastro enteric symptoms. The consequences shows that 32.7 % of patients reported a t least one upper gastro enteric symptom, 25 % with dyspepsia syndrome, 16.2 % had abdominal hurting and 14.25 % had reflux symptoms. The survey concludes that the prevalence of drug usage is really high in aged outpatient population.3. Surveies related to factor of indigestionMahadeva.S.et.al. ( 2010 ) conducted a survey on the Hazard factors associated with indigestion in a rural Asiatic population and its impact on quality of life. To find the prevalence epidemiology and impact of indigestion in a rural Malaysian community Of 2,260 grownup, 2,000 ( 88.5 % ) completed the study. Dyspepsia was found to be associated with female gender ( 15.8 vs. 12.7 % males, P=0.058 ) , Chinese ethnicity ( 19.7 vs. 14.2 % non-Chinese ) , higher instruction degrees, medium-range incomes, non-village-type lodging, non tobacco users, non- infusion drinkers, regular analgesia consumption, and grownups with chronic unwellness. Logistic arrested development analysis showed that higher degrees of instruc tion, i.e. , secondary instruction, non-village lodging, regular analgesia, and chronic unwellness were independent hazard factors for indigestion. Conversely, regular infusion imbibing ) seemed to hold an opposite relationship. Epidemiologic hazard factors include a higher socioeconomic position, regular analgetic ingestion, and chronic unwellness. Mari-Ann et.al ( 2010 ) A cross-sectional study was conducted on Dyspepsia in rural Malaysians is associated with a lower HRQOL. Epidemiological hazard factors include a higher socioeconomic position, regular analgetic ingestion, and chronic unwellness in a representative urban population in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A sum of 2039 grownups age: 40.5A A ±A 11.8A old ages, males 44.2 % , ethnicity: Malayans 45.3 % , Chinese 38.0 % and Indians 13.1 % , third instruction degree 62 % , professional employment 47.7 % and average monthly income USD 850.00 ) were interviewed. Dyspepsia was prevalent in 496 ( 24.3 % ) grownups. Independent forecasters for indigestion, explored by logistic arrested development, were identified as: Malaysians and Indian ( OR 1.59, 95 % CIA =A 1.03-2.45 ) ethnicity, heavy chilly intake usage of regular analgesia and chronic unwellness. Ethnicity, in add-on to acknowledge epidemiological factors, is a hazard factor for indigestion in an urban multi-racial Asiatic population. Barazkasm et.al ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on uninvestigated indigestion and its related factors in an Persian community to find the prevalence rate of indigestion and the hazard factors. A cross sectional study was performed. The consequences indicates that the prevalence rate of uninvestigated indigestion was 8.5 % .Post parandial comprehensiveness was experienced by 41.5 % .The survey concludes that adult females, older people, corpulent, widowed and low instruction topics are more likely to endure from indigestion. SanjivA MahadevaA MRCP, MD.et.al ( 2006 ) conducted a survey on assess the association between depression and functional indigestion. It showed greater prevalence of depression among functional indigestion patients ( 30.4 % ) , when compared to organic indigestion patients ( 11.2 % ) . Women showed greater hazard to present functional indigestion and in footings of age, the group with ages between 31 to 50 old ages and 51 to 60 old ages showed protection consequence ( topics within these age groups have minor hazard to present functional indigestion ) . After the multivariate analysis depressed patients showed three times greater co morbidity with functional indigestion when compared to non-depressed patients. The accommodation for the gender, age and matrimonial position variables confirmed the association between functional indigestion and depression. Consequences point the demand to measure the presence of depression in functional indigestion patients and to set up specific interv ention schemes for these patients. Stephen W.MD et.al ( 2006 ) Conducted a survey on indigestion in homeless grownup to find the prevalence and hazard factors for indigestion in a representative sample of stateless individuals. A cross sectional study with serologic proving for Helicobacter pylori infection was done. The consequences revealed that 18 % had upper tummy hurting, 595 had dyspeptic symptoms. H.pylori infection was identified in 315 of Participants. The survey concludes that indigestion is a common job among stateless grownups in Toronto. Stolte M et Al ( 2003 ) conducted a survey on Helicobacter pylori obliteration is good in the intervention of functional indigestion to measure whether the obliteration of Helicobacter pylori leads to long term alleviation of symptoms of functional indigestion. Double unsighted obliteration was followed. The consequences showed a statistically benefit in footings of symptom alleviation from non-ulcer indigestion. The survey concludes that H.pylori infection causes dyspeptic symptom in a subset of patients with functional indigestion.4. Surveies related to consequence of ginger on wellness complaintsZahra Vahdat ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on consequence of enteric feeding with ginger infusion in acute respiratory hurt syndrome. An enteric diet supplemented with ginger infusion in acute respiratory hurt syndrome ( ARDS ) patients may be good for gas exchange and could diminish continuance of mechanical airing and length of stay in intensive attention unit ( ICU ) . In this individual centre, randomized, controlled dual blind survey, 32 patients with ARDS were randomized to have a high protein enteric diet enriched with ginger infusion or placebo. Patients fed enteric diet enriched with ginger infusion had significantly betterment in oxygenation was observed on twenty-four hours 5 ( P=0.02 ) and 10 ( P=0.003 ) in ginger infusion group compared to command group. A important difference was found in continuance of mechanical airing ( P0.02 ) and length of ICU stay ( P=0.04 ) in favor of ginger infusion group. None of incidences like barotraumas, organ failure and mortality found among survey groups. Zahra Atai et.al ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on Inhibitory Effect of Ginger Extract on Candida albicans fungous infections could be dangerous in immuno compromised patients. Candida albicans is the most frequent Fungi in the unwritten pit. The first measure for intervention could be done utilizing topical fungicidal agents. Nystatine is a pick for mentioned use but there are some jobs in its utilizing including: unfavoured gustatory sensation, frequence of use, etc. This survey was carried out to happen an option for Nystatine. The survey was designed based on laboratory probes to look into the fungicidal activity of zingiber offcinale ( Ginger ) on Candida albicans which was obtained from Persian microbic aggregation and was confirmed by Germ Tube formation trial. Ethanolic Ginger infusion was prepared. The fungicidal activity of the infusion was determined utilizing Agar dilution and disc diffusion techniques. Datas were analyzed by ANOVA trial. The consequences showed that the eth anolic infusion was effectual on Candida albicans ( 2 mg mLiˆÂ ­1 ) at the concentration of 1:5. The survey indicates that Ginger infusion might hold promise in intervention of unwritten moniliasis. Hoffman.T ( 2007 ) says that ginger has been used safely for 1000s old ages in cookery and medically in common people and place redresss. Advanced engineering enables the proof of these traditional experiences. The national centre for ( NCCAM ) has evaluated the consequences of the available surveies, evaluation the studies from â€Å" implicative † ( for short term usage of ginger for alleviation from, gestation related sickness and emesis ) to â€Å" assorted † ( when used for sickness caused by gesture illness, chemotherapy or surgery ) and to â€Å" ill-defined † for handling rheumatoid arthritis, osteo arthritis or joint and musculus hurting. White B ( 2007 ) explained ginger is one of the more normally used herbal addendums. Although frequently consumed for culinary intents, it is taken by many patients to handle a assortment of conditions, ginger has been shown to be effectual for gestation induced and post operative sickness and emesis. There is less grounds to back up its usage for gesture illness or other types of sickness and emesis. Assorted consequences have been found in limited surveies of ginger for the intervention of arthritis symptoms. Hollyer.T.Boo.et.al ( 2002 ) conducted a survey related to the usage of complementary and alternate medical specialty by Women enduring from sickness and purging during gestation. In this survey 70 adult females completed the questionnaire 61 % reported utilizing complementary and alternate medical specialty therapies of which the three most popular were ginger, vit B6 and acupressure 21 % of those who reported utilizing CAM had consulted CAM practioners, 8 % their doctors / druggist and 71 % discussed the use with household, friends and other wellness professionals. Womans did non utilize CAM stated they would likely utilize these modes if there was more information about these safety in gestation. Nanthakoman T, Pongrojpaw.D ( 2006 ) found that efficaciousness of ginger in bar of station operative sickness and emesis after major gynecologic surgery from March 2005-april 2006, 120 patients who underwent major gynecologic surgery were randomized in to group A ( n=60 ) and group B ( n=60 ) . The patients in group A received two capsules of ginger taken one hr before the process ( one capsule contains 0.5 g of ginger pulverization ) . The patients in group received the placebo. The ( VANS ) ocular parallel sickness mark and frequence of purging were evaluated at 0, 2,6,12 and 24 hours after the operation statistically important difference in sickness between group A ( 48.3 % ) and group B ( 66.7 % ) .5. Surveies related to dyspepsia and gingerBadreldin H.et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a survey on some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological belongingss of ginger ( zingiber officinale Roscoe ) : A reappraisal of recent research. The survey shows that ginger is used for a broad a rray of unrelated complaints that include dyspepsia, irregularity, spasms, purging, strivings, sore pharynx, arthritis and helminthiasis. Mahady GB et.al ( 2003 ) Conducted a survey on ginger root ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe ) and the gingerols inhibit the growing of CagA+ strains of Helicobacter pylori. A methanol infusion of the dried ginger rootstock, 10-gingerols and 6-shoyoal, were tested against 19 strains HP including 5CagA+ strains. The consequence revealed that a methanol infusion of ginger rootstock inhibit the growing of all 19 strain wickedness vitro. The survey concludes that ginger root extracts incorporating gingerols inhibit the growing of H.pylori CagA+ strains in vitro. Gupta et.al ( 2003 ) Conducted a survey on ginger at Toyama medical and pharmaceutical university.Found that fresh pieces of ginger dipped in a small salt additions salivation in the oral cavity and stocked ‘digestive fire ‘ in the tummy. The survey concludes that the ginger activated a concatenation reaction in our immune system that aids digestion and dainties stomach complaints. Narullah A et.al ( 2003 ) conducted a survey on usage of common people redresss among patients in Karachi Pakistan to find the scientific grounds sing the usage of herbal medical specialty in Pakistan. A questionnaire method was followed. The survey shows that cinnamon, ginger, cloves, honey, lemon, poppy seeds, eggs and curd are the common herbal medical specialty they are practising. These common people redresss are used in common cold, cough and grippe to more serious status such as indigestion, asthma, icterus and heat shot. The survey concludes that the significant usage of common people redresss for intervention of medical conditions need to form on scientific lines.6. Surveies related 7-point Global Symptom Scale for Dyspepsia:S. J. O. Veldhuyzen et.al conducted survey that proof was performed in two randomized-controlled tests ( n A? 1121 and 512 ) . Global overall symptom was compared with the quality of life in reflux and indigestion, GI symptom evaluation graduated table, reflux disease questionnaire and 10 specific symptoms. The intra category correlativity coefficient was calculated for patients with stable indigestion defined by no alteration in overall intervention consequence mark over two visits. Change in planetary overall symptom mark correlated significantly with quality of life for reflux and indigestion, GI symptom evaluation graduated table, reflux disease questionnaire and specific symptoms ( all P & lt ; 0.0002 ) . Dependability: there was a positive correlativity between alteration in planetary overall symptom and alteration in symptom badness. The consequence size and standardised response mean were 1.1 and 2.1, severally. The planetary overall symptom graduated table is a simple, valid result step for indigestion intervention tests.